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The state in the south of Europe. It borders Switzerland and Austria in the north, Slovenia in the east and France in the northwest. It is washed by the Adriatic Sea in the east, the Ionian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea in the south, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ligurian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea in the west. Italy also owns the islands of Elba, Sicily and Sardinia and several small islands. Two independent states, San Marino and the Vatican, are located on the territory of the Apennine peninsula and are completely surrounded by Italy...

The architecture of London is represented by almost all styles from Normandy to postmodernism. Many medieval buildings, however, have not survived, mainly due to the Great Fire of 1666, which destroyed more than 13,000 buildings, and air bombs during the Second World War. William the Conqueror brought Normandy architecture to England. Among the Norman-style buildings in London is the Tower, which began to be built under William and was repeatedly completed by other kings. In addition, the Westminster Reception Hall, built-in 1097, was built in the same style...

The history of London begins with the landing of the Romans on the British Isles in 43 AD. In order to cross the River Thames, the troops led by Aulus Plautius built a bridge across the river. The Roman settlement on the northern bank of the Thames, called Londinium, becomes a trade center. Around 200 years the city was surrounded by a fortress wall, which for almost a millennium, determined its size. After the fall of the Roman Empire, London fell into disrepair - the population shrank sharply, the buildings collapsed...

The French demographer points out that France has an exceptional demographic situation, which is not typical for European countries, and that the birth rate provides replacement of the population. The population of France, which remained at the level of 40 million people for a long time, began to grow in the second half of the 20th century due to the excess of birth rate over death rate and immigration over emigration. At present, the number of births is 40% higher than the number of deaths, i.e...

The metallurgical complex is a set of industries producing various metals. It is divided into ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. 90 percent of metals used in modern production are ferrous metals, i.e. iron and alloys based on it. The metallurgical industry is characterized by a high level of concentration, monopolization, and combination of production. The main factors of placement of the complex are raw materials, energy, consumer, water, environmental and labor resources. Ferrous metallurgy is the basis for the development of mechanical engineering...

Fuel and energy industry — a set of mining industries engaged in the extraction and processing of various types of fuel and energy raw materials. Includes refining, gas, coal, shale, peat and mining industries The fuel industry is one of the most important branches of heavy industry. The role of fuel increases with the development of technical progress and inextricably connected with its mechanization, automation, electrification and heating of production, causing an intensive growth of energy consumption in the economy...

According to many ocean scientists, the world ocean is a huge storehouse of various natural resources, which are quite comparable with the resources of the Earth's land. The main wealth of the deep ocean bed is ferromanganese nodules containing up to 30 different metals. They were discovered at the bottom of the World Ocean in the 70s of the XIX century by the English research vessel "Challenger". The Pacific Ocean has the largest volume of ferromanganese nodules (16 million km). The first nodule mining experience was undertaken by the United States of America in the Hawaiian region...

The plant world has long been used by humans as a source of food, animal feed, raw materials for construction and processing. With the development of human society, the need for plant raw materials has increased. If only 20 years ago 4-5 thousand products and products were made of wood, now their number is brought to 15 thousand. It is impossible to imagine our life without paper, but only the release of one Sunday issue of the "New York Times" absorbs 77 hectares of forest. However, people do not always use wood rationally...

Many tropical shores of the Indian Ocean are mangroves, where special communities of plants and animals have developed, adapted to regular flooding and drainage. Among the plants in this ecosystem*, the most notable are the mangrove trees, and among the animals, the various crabs and fish, the silt jumper that inhabits almost all the mangroves of the Indian Ocean. The shallow waters of tropical waters of the entire ocean have attracted the attention of reef-forming corals and the fish and invertebrates that inhabit them...

Most of the Indian Ocean lies in the southern hemisphere. In the north, it is bounded by Eurasia and has no connection to the Arctic Ocean. The shores are not very well cut. There are a few islands. Large islands are located only on the border of the ocean. The area with seas is 76.17 million km2 , the volume of water is 282.7 million km3 , the average depth is 3711 m. Seas and large bays: Red m., Arabian m., Persian hall, Andaman m., Bengal hall, B. Australian hall. It is bounded by Asia in the...

When they say the name of this country, everyone represents something different. Finland... Slow and calm people, clean rivers and thousands of lakes, snowy slopes and ice houses, fishing, deer and Santa Claus. HELSINKI Helsinki, the capital of Finland, is called the beautiful daughter of the Baltic States by locals. It is from this city that almost all tourist routes of Finland start. Traditionally, tourists get acquainted with the city through a sightseeing tour. Santa Claus Village Ranua Wildlife...

Kazakhs are people of Turkic origin, belonging to the Mongoloid or mixed race. As an ethnographic self-name, the term Kazakhs began to be used in the 15th century. The ancestors of Kazakhs are ancient Turks, Huns, Sakis, etc. The territory of present Kazakhstan was inhabited by nomadic pastoralists. At the same time, there was also developed agriculture, mainly in the southern parts of the steppe. Before the formation of the Kazakhs as a nation, the following tribes lived in the territory: Sakis...