Legal system of modern states

Majority electoral systems. The majority electoral system is based on a system of personal representation in power. A specific person is always nominated as a candidate for an elected office in the majority system. The mechanism for nominating candidates may vary: in some countries, self-nomination is permitted along with the nomination of candidates from political parties or public associations, in others, candidates may be nominated only by political parties. In any case, however, in a majoritarian constituency, candidates are nominated on a personal basis...

It is obvious to everyone that elections are not just a technical procedure of formation of certain bodies by means of voting, but first of all it is a very complicated political process involving various groups and layers of society, political parties and other public associations. It is at the elections that political and economic interests of individuals and different clans clash. Democratic elections allow citizens to elect and displace public figures, to influence the composition of ruling...

Civil society is a concept for a type of society, which is characterized by the fact that: 1. It is an association of free individuals 2. individuals are able to solve all their private problems independently 3. Its social relations are legal in nature Theoretical approaches to identifying the essence of civil society: 1)J. Locke, considering the civil society, recognized the state only for the scope of powers, which was sanctioned by the social contract between citizens 2) S. L. Montesquieu, J...

Political development is about increasing the ability of the political system to continuously and effectively adapt to new patterns of social goals and to create new institutions that provide channels for dialogue between government and the population. The problems of political development are being developed within the framework of the sociology of development. Its methodological basis is laid down by the concepts of F. Tennis, M. Weber, and T. Parsons. Supporters of this direction considered...

Political process - a set of all dynamic changes in the behavior and relations of subjects, in the performance of their roles, the functioning of institutions, in all other elements of the political space, carried out under the influence of external and internal factors. Supporters of the institutional approach connect the political process with the functioning and transformation of power institutions (S. Huntington). Representatives of the second, behavioral approach, consider individual individuals or groups of people as subjects of policy...

Political behaviour Political behaviour is a set of reactions of social actors to the activities of the political system. The theory of rational choice. The main thesis is to assert that the main subject of political participation is a free individual, striving for the maximum realization of his interests and effectively acting in the name of achieving his own goals. The participation of an individual is possible only when the possible income exceeds the costs. Motivation theories. The most common motives for political participation are ideological, normative and role-based...

Political socialization is the process of assimilation of cultural values, political orientations, forms of political behavior acceptable for a given society and characterizing the inclusion of citizens of the state in the system of political relations. The problem of political socialization has been receiving increased attention since the 1920s. However, there is no single approach to understanding this process: -p.p.s. -the process of teaching a person the social roles that he or she needs to perform in the sphere of politics (classical theory: D...

Political mentality is a concept for a syncretic form of awareness of the socio-political system, which is characterized by the following characteristics - is formed as a result of understanding of political experience by individual and collective political consciousness - Expresses the values relevant to this political group. The concept of "political mentality" is connected with the concept of "political man" developed by various humanities, including political science. Aristotle has already systematically developed the notion of a human being as a "political animal"...

The concept of political leadership. Political leadership is a way of interaction between the leader and the masses, in which the leader has a significant influence on society, which is characterized by the following characteristics 1) as a rule, there is no direct influence between the national leader and the society, it is mediated by parties, interest groups, media 2) is multirole in nature, the leader is focused on the consent of various social interests. 3) corporate, the decisions made by the leader are based on the work of his environment 4) institutionalized, i...

Political elite is a concept for a social group, which is characterized by the following features: 1) occupies the highest positions in society; 2) performs the functions of management and influence in society. Modern political science uses several approaches to the study of elites. In general, they can be reduced to two main approaches: meritocratic and power. In accordance with the meritocratic approach ("Pareto line"), the elite are those who possess some special advantages and personal qualities...

In modern literature the concept of party system is interpreted ambiguously (a) Party system - a concept for the mechanism of interaction and competition between parties in the struggle for power and its implementation, which is characterized by the following features 1) ratio of parties with different political status; 2) a certain degree of stability of inter-party relations; 3) a certain nature of inter-party relations (b) The party system is a concept for a set of parties in a given country,...

Nationalism is a concept for political ideology, which is characterized by the following features: 1) is based on the propaganda of national exclusivity and national superiority; 2) recognizes the priority of the national idea in the political life of the society; Nationalism can be expressed in terms of incitement of national hatred and confrontation between peoples of different countries, as well as between representatives of different nations and ethnicities within one country. International law classifies the ideology of nationalism as a political crime of human rights violations...