History of France

Progress in optics Thanks to the rediscovery of ancient works, or the discovery of the writings of Arab scholars, some sciences experienced great growth. This was the case with the optics. One of its applications would change the lives of many people: glasses. The first glasses are called vesicles, derived from beryl, the transparent gemstone then used for lenses. They had no branches, but the lens frames pivoted and pinched the nose to fix themselves. It is likely that the use of concave and convex lenses, which increased the possibilities of the human eye, is much older...

More efficient couplers Since the domestication of the horse, men knew that it was fast and stronger than the ox. However, this animal was rarely used for fieldwork, as the harness was not suitable for heavy pulling. The traditional harness consisted of a loose handcraft carried on the animal's neck. Also, the more the horse pulled, the more the tinker obstructed his breathing. In the early Middle Ages, the rigid collar harness was invented. This padded necklace rested on the horse's shoulders and did not interfere with his breathing...

Introduction For a long time, the Middle Ages were considered a dead era from the point of view of scientific development and technological progress. Today, on the contrary, it is recognized that the four or five centuries between the year 1000 and the invention of printing brought about profound transformations. Certainly, there were few spectacular discoveries or inventions, of those that opened new horizons for humanity, such as the invention, in the 18th century, of the steam engine or electricity...

Guilds and frairies Guilds had their own privileges and jurisdictions codified according to an officially recognized status. These included price-fixing, weights and measures and market monopoly. Some guilds were granted the right to mint their own currency, but these cases were rare and of short duration. In the context of the time, the guild was considered to be an authentic association of merchants and transporters on the same waterway, customers attracted from the same shopping center. The Guild...

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