World Economy

The land tax and the tax on property of physical persons are established by the Tax Code and standard legal acts of representative bodies of settlements (municipal areas), city districts about taxes and are obligatory for payment in territories of corresponding settlements (inter-settled territories), city districts if other is not provided by point 7 of the present article. The land tax and the tax on property of physical persons shall be put into effect and cease to operate on the territories of...

Europe has also come to capitalism, but through religion in another way. Protestantism, which emerged as a counterbalance to Catholicism, created a new model of ethics, where hard work and the accumulation of money as the tangible equivalent of divine grace became the main values. Germany, England and Holland lived by the principle that if you worked in the sweat of the face, counted every penny and eventually saved a million, then you are chosen by God and will be saved. In Germany (which is inhabited...

It is safe to say that entrepreneurship was born at a time when people invented natural exchange. Handicrafts, highly primitive technologies and community ways of life have led to the need to change one product to another. The most enterprising citizens quickly realized that by creating a deficit for a particular commodity, its value could be greatly increased, thus making it more liquid. That is when the world was differentiated between rich and poor. Entrepreneurship developed together with humans...

Problems of taxation of small businesses are relevant in many countries, including Russia, due to existing contradictions in tax legislation and its instability. Peculiarities of taxation of small business entities also depend on the country, on the forms of ownership, on the benefits provided by various types of small business activities. Over the last decade, we have been talking a lot about the exceptional importance of small business for the development of the economy, the formation of the "middle class", and ensuring political and social stability in society...

Another form of credit system regulation by the central bank is open market operations with government bonds by means of their purchase and sale by credit and financial institutions. By selling government bonds, the central bank reduces the cash resources of banks and other financial institutions and thus contributes to raising interest rates in the capital market. This makes credit institutions legally obliged to buy a certain part of government bonds, thus financing budget deficits and public debt...

The loan in modern conditions is an object of active state regulation. In general, monetary credit regulation is a set of measures of the state regulating the activities of the monetary system, indicators of money circulation and credit, loan capital markets, the order of cashless settlements in order to influence the economy. The Central Bank is the main, but not the only regulatory body. There is a whole complex of regulatory authorities. When carrying out credit regulation, the state pursues...

The credit market is a general designation of those markets where there is supply and demand for various means of payment. Credit transactions are usually mediated by credit institutions (banks, etc.), which borrow and lend money, or by the movement of various debt obligations, which are sold and bought on the securities market. The modern credit two-tier system in the Russian Federation is practically formed: Level 1 - Central Bank of the Russian Federation Level 2 - commercial banks and other financial and credit institutions engaged in separate banking operations...

One of the most serious problems faced by commercial banks is the risk of non-payment of loans. Naturally, banks seek to minimize this risk through various ways of securing the repayment of bank loans. Collateral is the type and form of guaranteed obligations of the borrower to the lender (bank) to repay the loan in case of possible non-payment by the borrower. According to bankers, it is necessary to have three "safety belts" to protect the lender from the borrower's failure to repay the loan agreement...

As it was previously mentioned, the society (state) has a loan fund at the macro level, the movement of which reflects the dual process of credit relations, i.e. it simultaneously reflects both the funds mobilized by the credit system and the funds placed on the repayment basis. Credit resources are constantly loaded, granted to someone in the loan. The loan fund is always reflected in the financial balance of the whole economy - both by asset and by liability. Free cash on the settlement account...

It has traditionally been customary to classify a loan according to several basic characteristics. The most important of them include the category of lender and borrower, as well as the form in which a particular loan is granted. On this basis, the following six rather independent forms of credit should be distinguished, each of which, in turn, is divided into several varieties according to more detailed classification parameters. Bank credit is one of the most common forms of credit relations in the economy, the object of which is the process of transferring money into the loan...

The loan function is an expression of substance and substance. The loan function is understood as the focus and content of the loan. In the economic literature, more than 30 credit functions have been identified. They can be both intrinsic to this category (arising from its essence) and conditioned by external factors. The essence and content of credit are manifested in its four main functions: redistributive, reproductive, substitution of real and cash money with credit instruments and stimulating...

The role of credit in a market economy cannot be overestimated. The loan ensures the transformation of monetary capital into loan capital and expresses the relationship between lenders and borrowers. It is used to accumulate free cash capitals and incomes of enterprises, private sector and the state and to turn them into loan capital, which is transferred for a fee to temporary use. A loan translated from Latin (credit) has two meanings — “I believe, trust” and “debt, loan”. Being an economic category,...