AcademCraft, Volume 1, 2024
by Adhika I Nyoman Resa, Ardianti Putu Novia Hapsari (Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, Indonesia)
In May, July, September, October, December 2021 and February to April 2022, the estimated maximum delivery target of one week has not yet reached the target set by the J&T Express Expedition Company. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of job training, work discipline and leadership style on employee performance. This research was conducted at the J&T Express Expedition Company in Mengwi District. The total sample was 36 employees, with a saturated sampling method. Data was collected through observation, interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. Based on the results of the analysis that has been processed, it was found that all the proposed hypotheses were accepted. Job training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the J&T Express Expedition Company in Mengwi District, work discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the J&T Express Expedition Company in Mengwi District and leadership style has a positive and significant effect on performance at the J&T Express Expedition Company in Mengwi District. Suggestions for further research can develop this research by adding other variables to this research.
PT. J&T Express is a company that operates in the field of goods delivery/expedition services. J&T Express is an express package delivery company that applies technological developments as a basic system. Along with the rapid development of the online trading business, business people need goods delivery or courier services to be able to distribute merchandise to consumers properly and on time. J&T Express' extensive network facilitates express services for customers throughout Indonesia. This company hopes for high employee performance in all divisions, especially in the courier (sprinter) division because this division is the spearhead of the company so that the company can survive in the competitive national service market. Because according to them, employee performance is one measure of the success of a company. This turns out to be in line with several expert opinions regarding the meaning of performance. Sarton (2019) states that performance is work performance, work effectiveness, work results, goal achievement, performance productivity. Mangkunegara (2017) states that performance is the result of work in terms of quality and quantity achieved by an employee in carrying out tasks in accordance with the responsibilities given to him. Edison (2018) states that performance is the result of a process that refers to and measures over a certain period of time based on previously established provisions or agreements. A good employee performance assessment is not only seen from the results of their work, but also seen from the employee's process in completing their work. Performance is the result of work, the result of a person's entire process in carrying out their duties.
In Indonesia, the J&T Express Company has many branches, one of which is in the province of Bali which has 20 head offices in Denpasar and many DP (drop points). At J&T the drop point is a branch office or official agent that has been appointed; the drop point is the last location before the goods reach the recipient. This location is the drop-off point for the package before it is delivered by the courier to the destination address. In Mengwi District there are 5 DPs spread out.
These 5 DPs consist of admin, couriers and supervisors, totalling 36 employees. The focus of this research is the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District. The following is data on achieving the package delivery target with an estimated maximum of 1 week to consumers at the J&T Express Company in Mengwi District.
Table 2 shows the performance of couriers at the J&T Express Expedition company in Mengwi District based on targets obtained from June, August, November 2021 and January 2022. The realization of the target is exactly in line with the estimated one week that has reached the specified target. Then in May, July, September, October, December 2021 and February to April 2022 the achievement of the estimated maximum delivery target of one week has not yet reached the specified target.
Employees have good abilities and knowledge to receive input provided by the agency, besides that the training material provided can broaden the knowledge of training participants. However, there are gaps or statements that are not directly proportional to this research which states that job training has a positive effect on employee performance. One of them is research conducted by Fajri (2019) which states that job training has no effect on employee performance.
Apart from job training, employee performance is also influenced by work discipline, this is in line with research conducted by Suwana (2019) which states that employee performance is influenced by work discipline. According to Rivai (2019) work discipline is a tool that managers use to communicate with employees so that they are willing to change behavior and as an effort to increase a person's awareness and willingness to comply with all company regulations and applicable social norms. Sutrisno (2019) defines discipline as a force that develops within an employee's body and causes employees to adapt voluntarily to decisions, regulations and high values of work and behavior. So it can be concluded that the better the employee's discipline, the better the employee's performance. In this case, work discipline can influence performance. However, there is a gap, namely research conducted by Agora (2017)
Apart from job training and work discipline, leadership style is one of the successes in employee performance, this is in line with research conducted by Kamal (2019) which states that employee performance is influenced by leadership style and has a strong relationship to employee performance. According to Erlangga (2017) a person's leadership style is identical to the person's leadership type. A leader's leadership style has its own characteristics, habits, temperament, character and personality that are unique and distinctive, as well as behavior and style that differentiates itself from other people. Leadership is a person's ability to move, direct and influence the mindset and way of working of each member so that they act independently in their work, especially in making decisions in the interest of accelerating the achievement of predetermined goals (Wahyudi, 2017). Leadership is also defined as the ability of a process to influence group activities to achieve common goals (Indrasari, 2018).
J&T Express leaders in Mengwi District sometimes do not realize how important leadership style is in improving employee performance, for example leaders do not provide motivation and opportunities for employees to participate in making decisions related to operational activities. However, there are gaps or statements that are not directly proportional to this research which states that leadership style influences employee performance. One of them is research conducted by Emba (2018) which states that leadership style has no effect on employee performance.
Goal setting theory is part of motivation theory (Locke, 1978). This theory explains the relationship between goals set by Job Achievement or performance. The basic concept of this theory is that someone who understands the goals (what the organization expects of him) will influence his work behavior. This theory also states that individual behavior is regulated by a person's ideas or thoughts and intentions. Goals can be viewed as goals or levels of performance that an individual wants to achieve. Goal setting theory suggests that an individual is committed to a goal (Robbins, 2018). If an individual has a commitment to be responsive, then this commitment will influence his actions and influence his performance.
Performance is very important for the progress of an organization or company, the higher the employee's performance; the easier it will be for the organization to achieve organizational goals (Ratnasari, 2019). Performance comes from the definition of performance. There are also those who define performance as the result of work or work achievement. However, performance actually has a broader meaning, not just the results of work, but including how the work process takes place (Ramadhan, 2018). Information about organizational performance is a very important thing to use to evaluate whether the work processes carried out by the organization so far are in line with the expected goals or not.
The researcher concluded that performance is a result of work that an individual provides to the company or organization where they work by providing maximum work results for the company and that performance is a result of work or work performance carried out by a person or group of people in carrying out their functions in accordance with the responsibilities given to him are based on experience, ability and time.
According to Budiarti (2018) training is education in the narrow sense, especially in instructions, special tasks and discipline. Therefore, it is necessary to learn how to carry out certain tasks and jobs. Thus, training is related to improving employee abilities and work skills and development is related to the application process of individual and organizational improvement. According to Budiarti (2018) training is part of an educational process whose aim is to improve the special abilities or skills of a person or group of people. Training is the development of human resources owned by the company so that abilities and skills have high selling value. In general, training is carried out for the benefit of employees, companies and consumers. The meaning of training is simply defined by Pramudyo (2017) as a learning process designed to change people's performance in doing their work. What is meant in this case is that there are four things that must be considered. Namely, the training process, trainees, performance, and work. In the training process, poor performance is corrected in such a way that it becomes better. So that a group of waiting tasks can be done well by workers who have undergone training. Training is a leader's effort to improve the ability and work skills of a person or individual in an organization. Training for employees is very important to be carried out on an ongoing basis so that the company can obtain quality employees who are able to carry out their work well in order to achieve company goals.
According to Rivai (2019) work discipline is a tool that managers use to communicate with employees so that they are willing to change behavior and as an effort to increase a person's awareness and willingness to comply with all company regulations and applicable social norms. According to Hasibuan (2018) Discipline is a person's awareness and willingness to obey all company regulations and applicable social norms. Discipline reflects a person's sense of responsibility for the tasks assigned to him. This encourages work enthusiasm, work enthusiasm, and the realization of company, employee and community goals. Researchers conclude that work discipline has an important role in a company, because work discipline generally touches a person's sense of responsibility in carrying out a job, encourages work enthusiasm and increases awareness of the regulations that apply within the company. With good work discipline, the company can easily realize the company goals it wants to achieve.
Leadership style is one of the methods used by a leader to influence, direct and control the behavior of other people to achieve a goal. A leader is someone who uses his leadership authority to direct other people and is responsible for that person's work in achieving a goal (Hasibuan, 2018). Therefore, we need a leader who is able to provide direction in order to achieve the company's goals that have been set. Each leader has his or her own characteristics, disposition and character which are different and are influenced by the characteristics he or she brings from birth or the formation of the environment where the leader is. it works. The different traits and characteristics of leaders are called leadership styles. Apart from that, leadership is a person's ability to influence and motivate other people to do something according to a common goal (Susetyo, 2017). Researchers conclude that leadership style is the overall pattern of a leader's actions; to control the subordinates he leads with a characteristic that is dominant in him to achieve organizational goals.
Hypothesis:
- H1: Job training has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District;
- H2: Work discipline has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District;
- H3: Leadership style has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District.
In this research, the object of this research is employees of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District which is related to analyzing the influence of job training, work discipline and leadership style on employee performance. This research was conducted at the J&T Express Expedition Company in Mengwi District. The total sample was 36 employees, with a saturated sampling method. Data was collected through observation, interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression.
Asymp value Sig (2-tailed) 0.200 > 0.05. This means that the residual data from the regression model is normally distributed.
All independent variables have a tolerance coefficient greater than 0.1 and a VIF smaller than 10, so it can be concluded that all independent variables in this study are free from symptoms of multicollinearity.
Each of the variables above is more than 0.05, it can be concluded that the regression model does not contain heteroscedasticity.
Based on the results of multiple linear regression analysis in table 3, the following results can be obtained:
Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3
Y = 0.022+ 0.336X1 + 0.406X2 + 0.296X3
Based on the regression equation it can be explained:
- A constant value of 0.022 means that if work training, work discipline and leadership style are 0 or constant, the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District is 0.022;
- The beta of job training is 0.336, meaning it has a positive relationship with employee performance. This means that the better the job training, the higher the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District, assuming the other variables remain constant;
- Work discipline beta is 0.406, meaning it has a positive relationship with employee performance. This means that the better the work discipline, the better the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District, assuming the other variables remain constant;
- The beta of leadership style is 0.296, meaning it has a positive relationship with employee performance. This means that the better the leadership style, the higher the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District, assuming the other variables remain constant.
The t test is used to show how much influence an independent variable individually has in explaining the dependent variable Ghozali (2018).
- The effect of job training on employee performance. Based on the analysis results, the beta value of job training is 0.336 with a significance value of 0.034 < 0.05, meaning that job training has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District. This means that H1 is accepted;
- The influence of work discipline on employee performance. Based on the analysis results, the beta value for work discipline is 0.406 with a significance value of 0.004 < 0.05, meaning that work discipline has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District. This means that H2 is accepted;
- The influence of leadership style on employee performance. Based on the analysis results, the beta value of leadership style is 0.296 with a significance value of 0.046 < 0.05, meaning that leadership style has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District. This means that H3 is accepted.
The F statistical test is used to show whether all the independent variables entered into the model have a simultaneous influence on the dependent variable. Based on table 5.12, it can be seen that the F value is 36.105 with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, so it can be concluded that work training, work discipline and leadership style simultaneously influence employee performance at J&T Express in Mengwi District.
According to Notoatmodjo (2018) training is part of an educational process whose aim is to improve the special abilities or skills of a person or group of people. According to Budiarti (2018) training is education in the narrow sense, especially in instructions, special tasks and discipline. Therefore, it is necessary to learn how to carry out certain tasks and jobs. Thus, training is related to improving employee abilities and work skills and development is related to the application process for individual and organizational improvement. Training is the development of human resources owned by the company so that abilities and skills have high selling value. In general, training is carried out for the benefit of employees, companies and consumers. Job training has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District. This statement is based on the results of the analysis of the beta value of job training of 0.336 with a significance value of 0.034 < 0.05. This means that the better the job training, the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District will improve, assuming other variables remain constant. Research conducted by Kaengke (2018) states that job training has a significant effect on employee performance. Research conducted by Ratnasari (2021) states that training has a significant effect on employee performance. Research conducted by Marjaya (2019) states that job training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Research conducted by Jericho (2022) states that job training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Research conducted by Subroto (2018) states that job training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance.
According to Hasibuan (2018) discipline is a person's awareness and willingness to obey all company regulations and applicable social norms. Discipline reflects a person's sense of responsibility for the tasks assigned to him. This encourages work enthusiasm, work enthusiasm, and the realization of company, employee and community goals. Hasibuan (2019) discipline is a person's awareness and willingness to obey all company regulations and applicable social norms. Sutrisno (2019) defines discipline as a force that develops within an employee's body and causes employees to adapt voluntarily to decisions, regulations and high values of work and behavior. Work discipline has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District. This statement is based on the results of the analysis on the beta value of work discipline of 0.406 with a significance value of 0.004 < 0.05. This means that the better the work discipline, the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District will improve, assuming other variables remain constant. Research conducted by Santoso (2019) states that work discipline influences employee performance. Research conducted by Hidayat (2021) states that work discipline influences employee performance. Research conducted by Aromega (2019) states that work discipline influences employee performance. Research conducted by Nugrahaningsih (2017) states that work discipline has a significant effect on employee performance. Research conducted by Mariani (2017) states that work discipline has a positive and significant effect on employee performance.
Leadership style is very important in an organization or company to achieve the desired goals. A good leadership style will produce something good for the company and create a feeling of comfort for employees while working. Leadership style in leading is the main milestone for a company to motivate employees to work optimally and be able to compete with other companies (Fajrin, 2018). A leader is someone who uses his leadership authority to direct other people and is responsible for that person's work in achieving a goal (Hasibuan, 2018). Apart from that, leadership is a person's ability to influence and motivate other people to do something according to a common goal (Susetyo, 2017). Leadership style has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District. This statement is based on the results of the analysis on the beta value of leadership style of 0.296 with a significance value of 0.046 < 0.05. This means that the better the leadership style, the better the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District, assuming that other variables remain constant. Research conducted by Faraby (2018) states that leadership style has a significant and positive influence on employee performance. Research conducted by Nurlita (2020) states that leadership style has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Research conducted by Sunarto (2021) states that leadership style has a positive and significant influence on employee performance. Research conducted by Agustin (2021) states that leadership style has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Research conducted by Manik (2022) states that leadership style has a positive and significant effect on employee performance.
Based on the discussion of the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded that:
a. Job training has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District. This means that the better employee job training, the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District will improve, assuming other variables remain constant;
b. Work discipline has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District. This means that the better the employee's work discipline, the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District will improve, assuming other variables remain constant;
c. Leadership style has a positive and significant effect on the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District. This means that the better the leadership style you have, the performance of J&T Express employees in Mengwi District will improve, assuming other variables remain constant.
The variables in this research are limited to job training, work discipline, leadership style and employee performance. Future researchers should add other variables that influence employee performance that have not been used in this research model.
Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, several suggestions can be put forward as follows:
1. For job training, based on the statement with the lowest score "The presentation media used in the training helps me understand what is conveyed during the training more easily", the advice given to J&T Express is to improve the quality of the presentation media used when providing training;
2. For work discipline based on the lowest score "I am always present on time during working hours", the advice given is to employees to be present on time;
3. For leadership style based on the lowest statement score "If a problem arises the leader at the place I work is willing to help and provide a solution and make an organizational decision", the advice given is for employees to increase cooperation in solving a problem faced by the company;
4. Future researchers should add other variables that influence employee performance that have not been used in this research model.
Original paper, i.e. Figures, Tables, References, and Authors' Contacts available at http://ivolgapress.com/journals/academ-craft/vol_01_article_07.pdf