ВРЕМЕНА ГЛАГОЛА. ШКОЛЬНЫЙ КУРС

ВРЕМЕНА ГЛАГОЛА

Занятия можно начинать с любой выбранной статьи, в зависимости от степени совершенства и желания.

Упражнения на скорость во всех статьях обязательны, если хотите приблизить свою устную речь к темпу разговорной речи. Не проделав этих упражнений, получите знание употребления времён, но не навыка свободного говорения.

Предлагается следующий порядок контента в статьях

1. Упражнения на скорость проговаривания временных форм

2. Образование и выбор временной формы

3. Упражнения на временные формы с ответами

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПО ГЛАВАМ

ГЛАВА 1. Образование временных форм Simple — Continuous Present/Past/Future в утвердительных предложениях

ГЛАВА 2. Simple/Continuous в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях

ГЛАВА 3. Упражнения на скорость произношения временных форм Present/Past/Future Simple— Continuous

ГЛАВА 4. Упражнения на скорость произношения временных форм Past Simple/ Continuous

ГЛАВА 5. Выбор Simple — Continuous

ГЛАВА 6. Simple — Continuous. Упражнения с ответами на выбор Simple- Continuous

ГЛАВА 7. Упражнения на скорость Past/Future Perfect

ГЛАВА 8. Употребление Present Perfect — Past

ГЛАВА 9. Perfect Simple — Perfect Continuous

ГЛАВА 10. Употребление Past Perfect — Past

ГЛАВА 11. Past Perfect — Past Perfect Continuous

ГЛАВА 12. Present Continuous — Present Perfect Continuous

ГЛАВА 13. Future Perfect — Future Perfect Continuous

ГЛАВА 14. Пассивный залог – Passive Voice

ГЛАВА 15. Тест на все времена

ГЛАВА 1

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕННЫХ ФОРМ SIMPLE — CONTINUOUS

Формы Present/Past/Future в утвердительных предложениях

Present — глагол без частицы to; после 3л. ед. ч., (he/she/it) добавляется окончание – s или –es. Окончание –es ставится после шипящих и свистящих звуков.

Past — образуется с помощью окончания –ed у правильных глаголов и своими формами у неправильных

Future — образуется с помощью глагола will/shall (I,we), который ставится после подлежащего перед глаголом.

Continuous — образуется с помощью окончания –ing у основного глагола и вспомогательного глагола to be, который ставится перед основным глаголом. Вспомогательный глагол to be имеет три формы в Present: is (he, she, it), are (we, they, you), I am в зависимости от местоимения перед ним в настоящем времени. Две формы was (he, she, it, I), were (we, they, you) в Past. Одну форму will для всех лиц в Future.

Present Simple

I write. He writes. She writes. You write. We write. They write.

Present Continuous

I’m writing. He is writing. She is writing. You are writing. We are writing. They are writing.

Past Simple

I wrote. He wrote. She wrote. You wrote. We wrote. They wrote.

Past Continuous

I was writing. He was writing. She was writing. You were writing. We were writing. They were writing.

Future Simple

I will write. He will write. She will write. You will write. We will write. They will write.

Future Continuous

I will be writing. He will be writing. She will be writing. You will be writing. We will be writing. They will be writing.

ГЛАВА 2

SIMPLE/CONTINUOUS в вопросительных и отрицательных предложениях

— вопросительная форма Present Simple образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола do/does (does для 3л. ед. ч.) перед подлежащим и глаголом без частицы to. — отрицательная форма Present Simple образуется с помощью don’t/ doesn’t (doesn’t для 3л. ед. ч.) после подлежащего и перед глаголом без частицы to.

— вопросительная форма Present Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в формах is (с 3л. ед. ч.), are (с they, we, you), am (с I) перед подлежащим, за которым следует глагол в ing-ой форме. — отрицательная форма Present Continuous образуется с помощью глагола to be в формах isn’t (с 3л. ед. ч.), aren’t (с they, we, you) и I’m not после подлежащего и перед глаголом в ing-ой форме.

— вопросительная форма Past Simple образуется с помощью did для всех лиц перед подлежащим, за которым следует основной глагол без частицы to. — отрицательная форма Past Simple образуется с помощью didn’t для всех лиц после подлежащего и основным глаголом без частицы to.

— вопросительная форма Past Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в формах was (с he/she/it/I), were (с they/we/you) перед подлежащим и глаголом в ing-ой форме после подлежащего. — отрицательная форма Past Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в формах wasn’t (с he/she/it/I) и weren’t (с they/we/you) после подлежащего и перед глаголом в ing-ой форме.

— вопросительная форма Future Simple образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола will для всех лиц (shall с I,we) перед подлежащим и основным глаголом без частицы to после подлежащего. — отрицательная форма Future Simple образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола won’t для всех лиц (shan’t с I,we) после подлежащего и основным глаголом без частицы to.

— вопросительная форма Future Continuous образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола will для всех лиц (shall с I,we) перед подлежащим, после которого употребляется форма be для всех лиц и основной глагол в ing-ой форме. — отрицательная форма Future Continuous образуется с помощью формы won’t (shan’t с I,we), формой be для всех лиц и основным глаголом в ing-ой форме, поставленные после подлежащего.

Present Simple

I write. He writes. They write. Do I write? Does he write? Do they write? I don’t write. He doesn’t write. They don’t write

Present Continuous

I’m writing. He is writing. They are writing. Am I writing? Is he writing? Are they writing? I’m not writing. He isn’t writing. They aren’t writing

Past Simple

I wrote. He wrote. They wrote. Did I write? Did he write? Did they write? I didn’t write. He didn’t write. They didn’t write.

Past Continuous

I was writing. He was writing. They were writing. Was I writing? Was he writing? Were they writing? I wasn’t writing. He wasn’t writing. They weren’t writing.

Future Simple

I will write. He will write. They will write. Will I write? Will he write? Will they write? I won’t write. He won’t write. They won’t write.

Future Continuous

I will be writing. He will be writing. They will be writing. Will I be writing? Will he be writing? Will they be writing? I won’t be writing. He won’t be writing. They won’t be writing.

Упражнение 1.

Проговорите все временные формы с местоимениями по 30 секунд каждый столбик

I write. He writes. They write. Do I write? Does he write? Do they write? I don’t write. He doesn’t write. They don’t write.

I’m writing. He is writing. They are writing. Am I writing? Is he writing? Are they writing? I’m not writing. He isn’t writing. They aren’t writing.

I wrote. He wrote. They wrote. Did I write? Did he write? Did they write? I didn’t write. He didn’t write. They didn’t write.

I was writing. He was writing. They were writing. Was I writing? Was he writing? Were they writing? I wasn’t writing. He wasn’t writing. They weren’t writing.

I will write. He will write. They will write. Will I write? Will he write? Will they write? I won’t write. He won’t write. They won’t write.

I will be writing He will be writing They will be writing Will I be writing? Will he be writing? Will they be writing? I won’t be writing. He won’t be writing. They won’t be writing.

ГЛАВА 3

Упражнения на скорость Present/Past/Future Simple — Continuous

Проговаривайте вслух. Добейтесь установленного лимита времени

PRESENT SIMPLE

Упражнение 1. Утвердительные и отрицательные предложения. 1.5мин Образец: Does the student play chess? (the guitar) — No, the student doesn’t play chess, he plays the guitar. Do they play football? (volleyball) — No, they don’t play football, they play chess.

1. Does he go to school? (the University) 2. Does she sing well? (bad) 3. Do they play football? (volleyball) 4. Do we cook dinner? (lunch) 5. Does she paint pictures? (to go to the sports club) 6. Does it rain in winter? (to snow) 7. Do they learn English? (to write tests) 8. Do Mary and Jim go to the country every day? (once a week) 9. Do mother and father work in the factory? (to work in the office) 10. Does he learn English? (French) 11. Does the student take an exam on Friday? (on Sunday)

Упражнение 2. Вопросы к подлежащему. 1 мин Образец: He goes to school. (Who) — Who goes to school? They play the guitar. (Who) — Who play the guitar?

1. Mary goes to the country. (Who) 2. He plays chess. (Who) 3. His brother watches cartoons. (Whose brother) 4. My mother cooks well. (Whose mother) 5. Their friends speak Englishю (Whose friends) 6. My parents spend their holiday in the country. (Whose parents) 7. The girl makes many mistakes. (Who) 8. His uncle has a car. (Whose uncle) 9. My granny wears glasses. (Who) 10. Mickey and Frank live in Russia. (Who) 11. Five students in our group learn French. (How many students)

Упражнение 3. Специальные вопросы. 2 мин Образец: He lives in a big house. (Where) — Where does he live? They live in a big house. (What kind of house) — What kind of house do they live?

1. They go to work every day in the morning. (When, where) 2. He often plays the guitar. (How often) 3. She studies at school. (Where) 4. They have much money. (How much) 5. John drinks two cups of coffee a day. (How many cups of coffee) 6. He reads English books every day at school. (What books, how often, where) 7. They live in Moscow. (Where) 8. The girls go in for sports. (What to do) 9. He buys stamps in the post-office. (Where, what to buy) 10. The dog has two puppies. (How many puppies) 11. The student takes an exam on Friday. (What day, what to take)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Упражнение 1. Утвердительные и отрицательные предложения 1.5 мин Образец:

Is Tom writing a test? (to learn a poem) – No, Tom isn’t writing a test. He is learning a poem. Are they writing a test? – No, they aren’t writing a test. They are learning a poem.

1. Is he going to school? (the University) 2. Is she singing well? (bad) 3. Are they playing football? (volleyball) 4. Are we cooking dinner? (lunch) 5. Is she painting a picture? (to go to the sports club) 6. Is it raining? (to snow) 7. Are they learning English? (to write tests) 8. Are Mary and Jim going to the country? (to go home) 9. Are mother and father working in the factory? (to work in the office) 10. Is he learning English? (French). 11. Is the student having lunch? (breakfast).

Упражнение 2. Вопросы к подлежащему. 1 мин. Образец:

He is going to school. (Who) — Who is going to school? They are going to school. (Who) — Who are going to school?

1. Mary is going to the country. (Who) 2. He is playing chess. (Who) 3. His brother is watching TV. (Whose brother) 4. My mother is cooking lunch. (Whose mother) 5. Their friends are speaking English. (Whose friends) 6. My parents are having dinner. (Whose parents) 7. The girl is running. (Who) 8. His uncle is washing his car. (Whose uncle) 9. My granny is reading a book. (Who) 10. Mickey and Frank are arriving in Russia. (Who) 11. Five students in our group are taking an exam. (How many students)

Упражнение 3. Специальные вопросы. 2 мин. Образец: He is playing football. (What game) — What game is he playing? They are playing football. (What game) — What game are they playing?

1. They are going to work now. (Where to go) 2. He is playing the guitar. (What instrument) 3. She is sitting in her classroom. (Where) 4. They are reading an interesting book. (What kind of book) 5. John is drinking a cup of coffee. (What to drink) 6. He is reading an English book at school. (What book, where) 7. They are going to visit Moscow. (What city) 8. The girl is jumping. (What to do) 9. He is buying stamps in the post-office. (Where, what to buy) 10. The dog is playing with its two puppies. (What to do, with whom) 11. The student is having lunch now. (When, what to have)

ГЛАВА 4

Упражнения на скорость

PAST SIMPLE

Упражнение 1. Утвердительные и отрицательные предложения. 1.5 мин.

Образец: Did the student play chess? (the guitar) — No, the student didn’t play chess, he played the guitar.

1. Did he go to school? (the University) 2. Did she sing well? (bad) 3. Did they play football? (volleyball) 4. Did we cook dinner? (lunch) 5. Did she paint a picture? (to go to the sports club) 6. Did it rain? (to snow) 7. Did they learn English? (to write tests) 8. Did Mary and Jim go to the country every day? (once a week) 9. Did mother and father work in the factory? (to work in the office) 10. Did he learn English? (French)

Упражнение 2. Вопросы к подлежащему. 1 мин.

Образец: He went to school. (Who) — Who went to school?

1. Mary went to the country. (Who) 2. He played chess. (Who) 3. His brother watched TV. (Whose brother) 4. My mother cooked lunch. (Whose mother) 5. Their friends spoke English. (Whose friends) 6. My parents spent their holiday in the country. (Whose parents) 7. The girl made many mistakes. (Who) 8. His uncle had a car. (Whose uncle) 9. My granny wore glasses. (Who) 10. Mickey and Frank lived in Russia. (Who)

Упражнение 3. Специальные вопросы. 2 мин.

Образец: He lived in a big house. (Where) — Where did he live? She lived in a big house. (What kind of house) — What kind of house did she live?

1. They went to work every day. (Where) 2. He often played the guitar. (How often) 3. She studied at school. (Where) 4. They had much money. (How much) 5. John drank two cups of coffee a day. (How many cups of coffee) 6. He read English books every day at school. (What books, how often, where) 7. They lived in Moscow. (Where) 8. The girls went in for sports. (What to do) 9. He bought stamps in the post-office. (Where, what to buy) 10. The dog had two puppies. (How many puppies)

PAST CONTINUOUS

Упражнение 1. Утвердительные и отрицательные предложения. 1.5 мин Образец:

Was Tom writing a test? (to learn a poem) — No, Tom wasn’t writing a test. He was learning a poem. Were they playing football? (volleyball) — No, they were not playing football. They were playing volleyball.

1. Was he going to school? (the University) 2. Was she singing well? (bad) 3. Were they playing football? (volleyball) 4. Were we cooking dinner? (lunch) 5. Was she painting a picture? (to go to the sports club) 6. Was it raining? (to snow) 7. Were they learning English? (to write tests) 8. Were Mary and Jim going to the country? (to go home) 9. Were mother and father working in the factory? (to work in the office) 10. Was he learning English? (French)

Упражнение 2. Вопросы к подлежащему. 1 мин. Образец:

He was going to school. (Who) — Who was going to school? They were crying. (Who) — Who were crying?

1. Mary was going to the country. (Who) 2. He was playing chess. (Who) 3. His brother was watching TV. (Whose brother) 4. My mother was cooking lunch. (Whose mother) 5. Their friends were speaking English. (Whose friends) 6. My parents were sleeping in the country. (Whose parents) 7. The girl was doing her homework. (Who) 8. His uncle was washing his car. (Whose uncle) 9. My granny was cleaning her shoes. (Who) 10. Mickey and Frank were flying to Russia. (Who)

Упражнение 3. Специальные вопросы. 2 мин. He was playing football. (What game) — What game was he playing? They were playing football. (What to do) — What were they doing?

1. They were going to work in the morning. (When, where) 2. He was playing the guitar. (What instrument) 3. She was sitting in her classroom at school. (Where) 4. They were reading an interesting book. (What kind of book) 5. John was drinking a cup of coffee. (What to drink) 6. He was reading an English book at school. (What book, where) 7. They were going to visit Moscow. (What city) 8. The girl was jumping. (What to do) 9. He was buying stamps in the post-office. (Where, what to buy) 10. The dog was playing with its two puppies. (With how many puppies) 11. The student was learning French at five. (What time, what language)

FUTURE SIMPLE

Упражнение 1. Утвердительные и отрицательные предложения. 1.5 мин. Образец: Will the student play chess? (the guitar) — No, the student won’t play chess, he will play the guitar.

1. Will he go to school? (the University) 2. Will she sing well? (bad) 3. Will they play football? (volleyball) 4. Will we cook dinner? (lunch) 5. Will she paint a picture? (to go to the sports club) 6. Will it rain? (to snow) 7. Will they learn English? (to write tests) 8. Will Mary and Jim go to the country every day? (once a week) 9. Will mother and father work in the factory? (to work in the office) 10. Will he learn English? (French) 11. Will the student take an exam on Friday at five? (on Sunday)

Упражнение 2. Вопросы к подлежащему. 1 мин. Образец: He will go to school. (Who) — Who will go to school?

1. Mary will go to the country. (Who) 2. He will play chess. (Who) 3. His brother will watch TV. (Whose brother) 4. My mother will cook well. (Whose mother) 5. Their friends will speak English. (Whose friends). 6. My parents will spend their holidays in the country. (Whose parents) 7. The girl will make many mistakes. (Who) 8. His uncle will buy a car. (Whose uncle) 9. My granny will wear glasses. (Who) 10. Mickey and Frank will live in Russia. (Who) 11. Five students in our group will learn French. (How many students)

Упражнение 3. Специальные вопросы. 2 мин. Образец: He will live in a big house. (Where) — Where will he live? She will live in a big house. (What kind of house) — What kind of house will she live?

1. They will go to work every day. (How often, where) 2. He will often play the guitar. (How often) 3. She will study at school. (Where) 4. They will have much money. (How much) 5. John will drink two cups of coffee a day. (How many cups of coffee) 6. He will read English books every day at school. (What books, how often, where) 7. They will live in Moscow. (Where) 8. The girls will go in for sports. (What to do) 9. He will buy stamps in the post-office. (Where, what to buy) 10. The dog will play with its two puppies. (With how many puppies) 11. The student in our group will have English at five. (What lesson, what time)

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

Упражнение 1. Утвердительные и отрицательные предложения. 1.5 мин. Образец:

Will Tom be writing a test? (to learn a poem) — No, Tom won’t be writing a test. He will be learning a poem.

1. Will he be going to school? (the University) 2. Will she be singing well? (bad) 3. Will they be playing football? (volleyball) 4. Will we be cooking dinner? (lunch) 5. Will she be painting a picture? (to go to the sports club) 6. Will it be raining? (to snow) 7. Will they be learning English? (to write tests) 8. Will Mary and Jim be going to the country? (to go home) 9. Will mother and father be working in the factory? (to work in the office) 10. Will he be learning English? (French)

Упражнение 2. Вопросы к подлежащему. 1 мин.

Образец: He will be going to school. (Who) — Who will be going to school?

1. Mary will be going to the country. (Who) 2. He will be playing chess. (Who) 3. His brother will be watching TV. (Whose brother) 4. My mother will be cooking lunch. (Whose mother) 5. Their friends will be speaking English. (Whose friends). 6. My parents will be working in the garden. (Whose parents) 7. The girl will be jumping. (Who) 8. His uncle will be washing his car. (Whose uncle) 9. My granny will be looking for her glasses. (Who) 10. Mickey and Frank will be flying to Russia. (Who)

Упражнение 3. Специальные вопросы. 2 мин.

Образец: He will be playing football. (What game) — What game will he be playing?

1. They will be working in the morning. (When, where) 2. He will be playing the guitar. (What instrument) 3. She will be sitting in her classroom. (Where) 4. They will be reading an interesting book. (What kind of book). 5. John will be drinking a cup of coffee. (What to drink) 6. He will be reading an English book at school. (What book, where). 7. They will be flying to Moscow. (Who, what city) 8. The girl will be jumping. (What to do) 9. He will be buying stamps in the post-office. (Where, what to buy) 10. The dog will be playing with its two puppies. (What to do, with how many puppies)

ГЛАВА 5

ВЫБОР SIMPLE— CONTINUOUS

В Simple действие происходит вообще, используются 3 группы указателей:

— наречия, показывающие неоднократность действия: always, seldom, often, sometimes, never

— сочетания слов, показывающие повторяемость действий: every day, every year

— сочетания слов, показывающие, когда происходит действие: in the morning, after lessons, before dinner

В Continuousдействие происходит в определённый момент или период времени или носит временный характер или часто повторяющееся действие негативного характера или часто повторяющиеся неожиданные случайные действия.

Используются 3 группы указателей:

— наречия и сочетания, показывающие момент совершения действия now, at this moment, at 5 o’clock

— сочетания слов, обозначающие период совершения действия — from… to (till), all the time, all day long, the whole week

— контекст или придаточные предложения, определяющие момент совершения действия, которое не окончилось. Так называемый бэкграунд, действие, на фоне которого происходит другое действие.

Когда он вошёл, она читала книгу. When he entered the room she was reading a book.

— действие происходит, происходило, будет происходить в определённый момент.

Я читаю сейчас. I am reading now. Вчера я смотрел кино в пять вечера. I was watching TV at 5 yesterday evening. Я буду плавать завтра в 5. I will be swimming at5 tomorrow.

— действие происходит, происходило, будет происходить в определённый период времени.

В этом месяце я читаю книгу о войне. This month I am reading a book about the war. Я писал письмо с 3 до 6 вчера. I was writing a letter from 3 till 6 yesterday. Я буду смотреть кино с 5 до 6 завтра. Tomorrow from 5 till 6 I will be watching TV.

главное отличие Simple от Continuous — в первом внимание концентрируется на результате, во втором — на процессе. Сравните:

Вчера я делал домашнюю работу. — отображён сам факт действия, Simple Вчера с 5 до 8 я делал домашнюю работу. — внимание уделяется продолжительности действия, Continuous Вчера в 5 я шел в кино по красивой дороге. — процесс, Continuous Вчера в 5 я пошел в кино. — результат, Simple

В Simple изложен факт действия. В Continuous подразумевается продолжительность действия.

I was reading all day yesterday. (процесс) Я читал вчера весь день. I read all day yesterday. (констатация факта) Я читал вчера весь день. It was raining the whole evening. (процесс) Дождь шел весь вечер. It rained the whole evening. (констатация факта) Дождь шел весь вечер.

— теоретически можно поставить данное предложение в любую форму, как Simple, так и Continuous, в зависимости от того, что небходимо подчеркнуть: длительность действия или действие, как результат. Continuousподчёркивается дополнительными указателями в виде наречий или контекста. При переводе с русского выбирается нужная временная форма без дополнительных указателей, так как уже заранее принято решение, на чем акцентируется внимание — на результате или процессе.

В Continuous действие происходит в 1-определенный момент или 2-период времени или 3-носит временный характер или 4-часто повторяющееся действие с негативным раздражающим оттенком или 5-часто повторяющееся случайное неожиданное действие. Глагол несовершенного вида, действие не закончено.

Существует множество глаголов (а также их антонимы), не употребляющихся в Continuous, имеющие только форму Simple, независимо от того, в каком они времени.

Эмоциональное состояние:

to desire желать to envy завидовать to fear бояться to hate ненавидеть to like нравиться to love любить to need нуждаться to prefer предпочитать to satisfy удовлетворять to seem казаться to want хотеть to wish желать

Ощущения:

to hear слышать to see видеть to smell пахнуть to taste иметь вкус

Обладания, отношения, некоторые другие:

to be быть to belong принадлежать to consist состоять to contain содержать to impress впечатлять to resemble напоминать to deserve заслуживать to lack не хватать to require требовать to astonish изумлять to please радовать to have иметь to possess обладать to surprise удивлять to weigh весить to appear появляться to involve вовлекать to depend зависеть to need нуждаться to owe быть должным to influence влиять to matter значить to own владеть to cost стоить to concern затрагивать, касаться to measure измерять to fit подходить по размеру to include заключать в себе

Следует помнить, что один и тот же глагол может иметь разные значения, и, соответственно, иметь или не иметь форму Continuous

to measureв значении «мерить, измерять» имеет форму Continuous to measure в значении «иметь определённый размер» не имеет форму Continuous

He is measuring the height of the cupboard. That cupboard must measure at least 2 metres high.

to weigh в значении «взвешивать, измерять» имеет форму Continuous to weigh в значении «весить» не имеет форму Continuous

I am weighing the baby. The baby weighs 10 kilos.

to think в значении «думать, размышлять» имеет форму Continuous to think в значении «считать, полагать» не имеет форму Continuous

I think you are right. What are you thinking about?

to feel в значении «чувствовать, ощущать» имеет форму Continuous to feel в значении «считать, полагать» не имеет форму Continuous

I am feeling fine. I feel we shouldn’t do this.

to see в значении «навестить, встретиться» имеет форму Continuous to see в значениях «видеть, понимать» не имеет форму Continuous

I am seeing her tonight. I see what you mean. I don’t see any difference.

to have, являющийся составной частью сказуемого, имеет форму Continuous, при этом не переводится He is having a shower now. Он принимает душ. Everybody was having a fun. Все веселились. I am having lunch now. Я обедаю сейчас.

to have в значении «иметь обладать» не имеет форму Continuous I have a dog. У меня есть собака.

ПРАВИЛА ВЫБОРА SIMPLE — CONTINUOUS с примерами

Present Simple — действие происходит вообще

Present Continuous — действие происходит 1-в определённый момент или 2-период времени

Past Simple — действие произошло, известно когда

Past Continuous — действие происходило 1-в определённый момент или 2-период времени

Future Simple — действие произойдёт

Future Continuous — действие будет происходить 1-в определённый момент или 2-период времени

Предложение во всех временах:

Present Simple — Он много читает. (вообще)

Present Continuous — Он сейчас читает. (в данный момент).

Past Simple — Он вчера читал книгу.

Past Continuous — Он вчера в пять часов читал книгу. (определённый момент). Он вчера с трёх до четырёх читал книгу. (период времени).

Future Simple — Он будет читать книгу.

Future Continuous — В пять он будет читать книгу. (определённый момент). Он будет читать книгу с пяти до шести. (период).

Короткое правило для запоминания:

Simple — действие происходит вообще Continuous — действие происходит в определённый момент или период времени

ГЛАВА 6

SIMPLE — CONTINUOUS. Упражнения с ответами

Упражнение 1. Определите, какое время поставить,

1. Он сидел в кафе, когда я увидел его. 2. Когда я шел в школу, то видел, как горел дом. 3. На работе Даша сидит рядом со мной. 4. Ты будешь на работе завтра утром в 8? 5. Что ты будешь делать завтра в 5 вечера? 6. Ты знаешь ответ? 7. Я не люблю кофе. 8. Когда придет Олег, я буду спать. 9. Когда пришёл Олег, я спал. 10. Почему ты хочешь уехать в деревню? 11. Вчера мы играли в футбол во дворе. 12. Три дня назад с пяти до шести мы играли в футбол. 13. Когда ты будешь делать уроки? 14. Он видел ее каждый день, когда она читала книгу в библиотеке. 15. Она читала книгу, пока я делал уроки.

1. He was sitting when I saw him. 2. When I was walking to school, I saw how the house was burning. 3. Dasha sits next to me at work. 4. Will you be at work at 8? 5. What will you be doing at 8? 6. Do you know the answer? 7. I don’t like coffee. 8. When Oleg comes, I will be sleeping. 9. When Oleg came, I was sleeping. 10. Why do you want to go to the country? 11. We played football yesterday. 12. We were playing football from 5 till 6. 13. When will you be doing the lessons? 14. He saw her every day when she was reading a book 15. She was reading while I was doing my lessons.

Упражнение 2. Определите, какое время поставить,

1.Зачем ты куришь? 2. Ты сейчас идёшь на работу? 3. Я сейчас не хочу купаться. 4. Мы всегда ходим на работу утром. 5. Я не хочу сейчас есть. 6. Мы не едем в Москву сейчас. 7. Вчера мы весь день были дома. 8. Завтра в это время мы будем смотреть фильм. 9. Через год она будет говорить по-английски очень хорошо. 10. В школе мы будем говорить по-английски весь день. 11. С пяти до семи они будут смотреть фильм. 12. Вчера они читали интересную книгу. 13. Вчера всю ночь он не спал. 14. Когда он пришёл, она плакала. 15. Я делаю домашнее задание, но завтра не буду его делать.

1. Why do you smoke? 2. Are you going to work now? 3. I don’t want to swim now. 4. We always go to work in the morning. 5. I don’t want to eat now. 6. We are not going to Moscow now. 7. Yesterday we were at home all day. 8. Tomorrow we’ll be watching a film at this time. 9. In a year she will speak English very well. 10. We’ll be speaking/will speak English all day tomorrow. 11. They will be watching the film from five till seven. 12. Yesterday they read an interesting book. 13. Yesterday he was not sleeping all night/didn’t sleep. 14. When he came she was crying. 15. I’m doing my homework now but tomorrow I won’t do it.

Упражнение 3. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Волга впадает в Каспийское море. 2. Я много читаю. 3. Ежедневно я встаю в семь. 4. Завтра я не пойду в школу. 5. Праздники начнутся через неделю. 6. Я тебя совсем не вижу. 7. Я не слышу, что ты говоришь. 8. Не понимаю, что ты имеешь в виду. 9. Вчера мы встретились на улице. 10. Она подошла к зеркалу и причесалась. 11. Когда я жил в деревне, всегда ездил в город на автобусе. 12. Древние люди охотились на мамонтов. 13. Сижу за компьютером и пишу упражнения. 14. Когда есть время, мы ходим в кино. 15. Она никогда не приходит вовремя. 16. Что ты делаешь? 17. Было жарко, ярко светило солнце, и даже птицы не летали. 18. Чем ты занимался, когда я вчера звонил тебе? 19. В десять я еще не спал. 20. Вчера весь вечер шел снег. 21. Когда мы смотрели фильм, раздался звонок в дверь. 22. В деревне мы будем часто ходить купаться. 23. Этот ручей пересохнет через лет пять. 24. Завтра не звони мне, я буду учить английский весь день. 25. Я буду ждать тебя ровно в пять.

1. The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea. 2. I read a lot. 3. I get up at 7 every day. 4. Tomorrow I will not go school. 5. The holidays start in a week. 6. I don’t see you. 7. I don’t hear what you are saying. 8. I don’t understand what you mean. 9. Yesterday we met in the street. 10. She came up to the mirror and did her hair. 11. When I lived in the country I always went to the city by bus. 12. Ancient people hunted for mammoths. 13. I am sitting at the computer and writing exercises. 14. We go to movies when we have time. 15. She never comes in time. 16. What are you doing? 17. It was hot, the sun was shining and even the birds were not flying. 18. What were you doing when I phoned you yesterday? 19. I was not sleeping at 10 yet. 20. Yesterday it was snowing all day. 21. When we were watching the film the doorbell rang. 22. We will often go swimming in the country. 23. The stream will dry up in five years. 24. Don’t call me tomorrow I will be learning English all day. 25. I’ll be waiting for you at 5.

Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous или Present Simple.

1. I (not to know) what to give her. 2. They (to want) publish this book in July? 3. She (to think) he (to know) English very well. 4. He (not to understand) that he (to eat) very much. 5. Who (to be) that man who (to stand) in the doorway? 6. I (to have) no time now, I (to have) dinner. 7. Where (to be) Tom and Nick now? — They (to have) English at school. 8. What you (to do) here now? — We (to listen) to the music. 9. You (to want) to see my father? 10. Michael (to speak) German well. He (to want) to know English too but he (to have) little time now. 11. What book you (to read)? — It (to be) a French book. There (to be) good stories here. 12. You (to like) sports? 13. We (to have) an English lesson now. 14. You (to hear) what she (to say)?

1. I don’t know. 2. Do they want. 3. She thinks, he knows. 4. He doesn’t understand, he eats. 5. Who is, who is standing. 6. I have, I am having dinner. 7. Where are Tom and Nick, they are having. 8. What are you doing, we are listening. 9. Do you want. 10. Michael speaks, he wants, he has. 11. What book are you reading, it is, there are. 12. Do you like. 13. We are having. 14. Do you hear, she is saying.

Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past simple или Past continuous.

1. I (to go) to the cinema yesterday. 2. I (to go) to the cinema at four o’clock yesterday. 3. I (to go) to the cinema when you met me. 4. I (to do) my homework the whole evening yesterday. 5. I (to do) my homework when my mother came home. 6. I (to do) my homework yesterday. 7. I (to do) my homework from five till eight yesterday. 8. I (to do) my homework at six o’clock yesterday. 9. I (not to play) the piano at four o’clock yesterday. I (to read) a book. 10. He (not to sleep) when father came home. He (to do) his homework. 11. When we were in the country last summer, I (to go) to the forest one day. In the forest I (to find) a little fox. I (to take) it home. Every day I (to feed) it. 12. When I (to go) to school the day before yesterday, I met Mike and Pete. They (to talk) and (to laugh). They told me a funny story. Soon I (to laugh), too. I still (to laugh) when we came to school. After school I (to tell) this story at home. My father and mother (to like) it very much.

1.I went. 2. I was going (шел) / I went (пошел). 3. I was going. 4. I was doing 5. I was doing. 6. I did. 7. I was doing. 8. I was doing (делал) / I did (сделал). 9. I wasn’t playing, I was reading. 10. He wasn’t sleeping, he was doing. 11. I went, found, took, fed. 12. I was going, were talking and laughing, I was laughing, I was still laughing, I told, my father and mother liked.

Упражнение 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Continuous, возможны оба варианта.

1. I (to feed) my cat with fish yesterday. 2. What you (to do) at four o’clock yesterday? — I (to feed) my cat. 3. What your brother (to do) yesterday? — He (to play) computer games. 4. I (to begin) repairing my camera at six o’clock yesterday. 5. At five o’clock yesterday Helen (to cook) soup. 6. We (to play) badminton from nine till eleven yesterday. 7. Kate (not to go) for a walk yesterday. She (to write) a composition the whole day yesterday. 8. When your father (to come) home yesterday? He (to come) home at seven o’clock. 9. When my father (to come) home yesterday, my mother (to cook) supper. 10. We (not to go) on a tramp last summer. 11. What you (to do) when your sister (to come) home yesterday? 12. You (to have) supper at nine o’clock yesterday? 13. He (not to go) to the shop yesterday. 14. Nick (to go) to bed at ten o’clock yesterday. 15. Rick (to sleep) at eleven o’clock yesterday. 16. When we (to play) in the yard yesterday, it suddenly (to start) raining heavily. 17. I saw Mike when he (to cross) the street. 18. He (to begin) repairing his bicycle in the morning yesterday. 19. He (to repair) his bicycle the whole day yesterday. 20. He (to finish) repairing his bicycle in the evening yesterday.

1. I fed 2. Were you doing, I was feeding 3. Did he do, he played 4. I began 5. She was cooking (готовила)/ she cooked (приготовила) 6. We were playing 7. She didn’t go, she was writing 8. Did father come, he came 9. He came, she was cooking 10. We didn’t go 11. Were you doing, she came 12. Were you having (ужинал)/ did you have (поужинал) 13. He didn’t go 14. He went 15. He was sleeping 16. We were playing, it started 17. He was crossing/crossed 18. He began 19. He was repairing 20. He finished

Упражнение 7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времён: Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Continuous, Past Continuous.

1. Helen (to celebrate) her birthday yesterday. Her room looked beautiful, there (to be) many flowers in it. When I (to come) in, somebody (to play) the piano, two or three pairs (to dance). 2. Listen! Somebody (to play) the piano. 3. I (to like) music very much. 4. When I (to look) out of the window, it (to rain) heavily and people (to hurry) along the streets. 5. What you (to do) at seven o’clock yesterday? — I (to have) supper. 6. I (to come) home yesterday, I (to see) that all my family (to sit) round the table. Father (to read) a letter from my uncle who (to live) in Moscow. 7. Where you (to be) yesterday? — I (to be) at home the whole day. — How strange. I (to ring) you up at two o’clock, but nobody (to answer). —Oh, I (to be) in the garden. I (to read) a book and (not to hear) the telephone. 8. What you (to do) at five o’clock yesterday? — I (to work) in the library. — I (to be) there too, but I (not to see) you. 9. Yesterday I (to work) at my English from five till seven. 10. It (to rain) the whole day yesterday. 11. Where your sister (to be) now? — She (to be) in her room. She (to do) her homework.

1. She celebrated, there were, came, was playing, were dancing 2. Is playing 3. I like 4. I looked (выглянул)/ I was looking (выглядывал), it was raining, were hurrying 5. Were you doing, I was having 6. Came, saw, were sitting, was reading, lives 7. Were you, I was, I rang, answered, I was, I was reading, didn’t hear 8. Were you doing, I was working, I was, I didn’t see 9. I was working 10. It was raining 11. Is, she is, she is doing

Упражнения 8.

Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времён: Present, Past, Future Simple, Present, Past Continuous. Так как нет контекста ситуации, возможны оба варианта.

1. Look at these children: they (to skate) very well. 2. You (to skate) last Sunday? — Yes, we (to skate) the whole day last Sunday. We (to skate) again next Sunday. 3. My brother can skate very well. He (to skate) every Sunday. 4. What you (to do) now? — I (to wash) the dishes. 5. What you (to do) at three o’clock yesterday? — I (to have) dinner. 6. You (to have) dinner now? 7. Where your brother (to work)? — He (to work) at the Institute. 8. Your grandmother (to sleep) when you (to come) home yesterday? 9. What your brother (to do) tomorrow? 10. I (not to go) to the shop yesterday. I (to go) to the shop tomorrow. 11. Where Kate (to go) when you (to meet) her yesterday? 12. Every day the boss (to enter) the office at nine o’clock. 13. Yesterday the boss (to enter) the office at half past nine. 14. When the secretary (to come) tomorrow? 15. At six o’clock yesterday we (to listen) to a very interesting lecture. 16. When I (to enter) the office, the secretary (to type) some letters. 17. My friend (to ring) me up at eight o’clock yesterday.

1. are skating 2. Did you skate, were skating, we’ll skate 3. skates 4. Are you doing, I’m washing 5. Were you doing, I was having 6. Are you having 7. Does he work, he works 8. Was she sleeping, came 9. Will he do 10. Didn’t go, will go 11. Was she going, met 12. Enters 13. Entered 14. Will she come 15. Were listening 16. Entered, was typing 17. he rang (позвонил)/was ringing (звонил).

Упражнения 9. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времён: Future Simple, Future Continuous. Так как нет контекста ситуации, возможны оба варианта.

1. The pupils… (to go) to the cinema in the city all next week. 2. The boss … (to tell) soon what to do next. 3. The girl … (to teach) how to dance when she grows up. 4. Journalists … (to be) here at 6 p.m. tomorrow morning. 5. You … (to get) a good mark if you pass your test. 6. We … (to fly) still above the Atlantic Ocean when you be Tokyo. 7. Your jeans … (to be) ready in twenty minutes. 8. Where … (to stay) they this time next year? 9. Her daughter … (to sleep) when she comes in the morning. 10. It … (to snow) still when they leave. 11. They … (to come) to tea with parents this evening? 12. He … (to go) to bed at 11 o’clock tonight. 13. The travellers … (to get) to the station at this time tomorrow evening.

1. Will be going 2. Will tell 3. Will teach 4. Will be 5. Will you get 6. Will be flying 7. Will be 8. Will they stay/will be staying 9. Will be sleeping 10. Will be snowing 11. Will they come 12. Will go 13. Will be getting

ГЛАВА 7

PERFECT. Упражнения на скорость

Перфект имеет все временные формы, свойственные обычному времени. Можно констатировать, что это четвёртое время, отсутствующее в русском языке.

Образуется с помощью have/has/had и 3-ей формой глагола. Глагол has для 3л. ед. ч. в Present. had для всех лиц в Past. have для всех лиц, кроме 3л. ед. ч. в Present и will have для всех лиц в Future.

Формы перфекта

Present Perfect Simple I have written. He has written.

Present Perfect Continuous I have been writing. He has been writing.

Past Perfect Simple I had written. He had written.

Past Perfect Continuous I had been writing. He had been writing.

Future Perfect Simple I will have written. He will have written.

Future Perfect Continuous I will have been writing. He will have been writing.

Упражнения на скорость. Прочитайте за 30 секунд, не глядя на текст произнесите со своим словом за 45 секунд

I’ve drawn. He’s read. I’ve been drawing. He’s been reading. I’d drawn. He’d been read. I’d been drawing. He had been reading. I’ll have drawn. He’ll have read. I’ll have been drawing. He’ll have been reading.

Have I written? Has he written? Have I been writing? Has he been writing? Had I written? Had he written? Had I been writing? Had he been writing? Will I have written? Will he have written? Will I have been writing? Will he have been writing?

I haven’t written. He hasn’t written. I haven’t been writing. He hasn’t been writing. I hadn’t written. He hadn’t written. I hadn’t been writing. He hadn’t been writing. I won’t have written. He won’t have written. I won’t have been writing. He won’t have been writing.

PRESENT PERFECT

Упражнение 1. Утверд. и отриц. предложения. 1.5 мин Образец: Have you bought a book? (a pen) — No, I haven’t bought a book. I’ve bought a pen.

1. Has Tom done homework? (to make a lot of mistakes) 2. Have they gone to Moscow? (Minsk) 3. Have we got money? (a lot of work to do) 4. Has he learnt the rule? (poem) 5. Has she married him? (to leave) 6. Have they eaten the cake? (a piece of chicken) 7. Have Nicky and Mary cooked lunch? (to buy a ready-made lunch). 8. Have they drunk coffee? (tea) 9. Has he drawn a dog? (cat) 10. Has she brushed her hair? (to make her bed) 11. Have they washed the car? (garage) 12. Has he learnt the poem? (rule)

Упражнение 2. Специальные вопросы. 1 мин.

Образец: They have gone to Paris. (Where) -Where have they gone to?

1. Tom has done homework. (Who) 2. They have gone to Moscow. (Who) 3. We have got money. (Who, how much) 4. He has learnt the rule. (What) 5. She has married Tom. (Who) 6. They have eaten the cake. (What) 7. Nicky and Mary have cooked lunch. (Who, what) 8. They have drunk coffee. (What) 9. He has drawn a big dog. (What kind of dog) 10. She has brushed her hair. (What to do)

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Упражнение 3. Упражнения на скорость. 1 мин.

Образец: How long have you been doing your lesson? (one hour) — I’ve been doing the lesson for one hour. How long has he been washing his car? (all day) — He has been washing his car all the day.

1. How long have they been watching TV? (for three hours) 2. How long has she been cleaning the flat? (for half a day) 3. How long have they been getting to Moscow? (since yesterday morning) 4. How long have you been reading the book? (for the last two hours) 5. How long has he been repairing his car? (for a week) 6. How many days has he been preparing for the exam? (for two days) 7. How much time has she been crying? (since midnight) 8. How long have they been singing? (for 20 minutes)

Упражнение 4. Упражнения на скорость. 1 мин

Образец: Why is your coat so wet? (to walk in the rain) — I have been walking in the rain.

1. Why is he so dirty? (to repair his car) 2. Why does she have red eyes? (to cry for an hour) 3. Why haven’t they left work? (to celebrate the boss’s birthday) 4. Why is the floor wet? (I to wash it since lunch) 5. Why are they tired? (to work hard since the beginning of the day) 5. Why are they so happy? (to have a good rest in Spain) 6. Why isn’t he dancing? (to dance for the last hour) 7. Why is she so fat? (to overeat since childhood) 8. Why do you have so little money? (we to spend it since yesterday)

ГЛАВА 7.

PERFECT. Упражнения на скорость

PAST PERFECT

Составьте из двух простых предложений в Past Simpleодно сложное, поставив придаточное в Past Perfect, используя союзы after, as soon as, when

Упражнение 5. на скорость 1.5 мин. AFTER

He had lunch. He went to his work. — After he had had lunch he went to his work.

1. He got bad news. He was unhappy. 2. I finished the text. I closed my exercise-book. 3. They danced. Then they began singing. 4. Our friends bought a car. They had a car accident.

Упражнение 6. на скорость. 1.5 мин. WHEN He had lunch. He went to his work. — When he had had lunch he went to his work.

1. He returned home. The guests left. 2. We came to the cinema. The film began. 3. I read the book. I watched the film. 4. They lived here. They moved to another place. 5. We played а game of tennis. We went to my place.

Упражнение 7. на скорость. 1.5 мин. AS SOON AS He had lunch. He went to his work. — As soon as he had had lunch he went to his work.

Составьте из двух простых предложений одно сложное, поставив придаточное в Past Perfect, используя союз before. Обратите внимание: с союзом before вначале идёт второе предложение как более раннее действие. Если не менять порядок двух предложений, before ставится перед вторым предложением.

Упражнение 8. Образец: He had lunch. He went to his work. — He had had lunch before he went to work. Before he went to his work he had had lunch.

Пробуйте составить оба варианта сложного предложения.

1. It stopped raining. I went for a walk. 2. I did my homework. My mother returned home. 3. We met in the street. We went to the park. 4. They packed their things. Then they started. 5. I had dinner. I switched on the TV set.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Упражнение 9. Упражнения на скорость. 1 мин.

Образец: How long had he been doing the exercise when she came? (for an hour) — He had been doing the exercise for an hour.

1. How long had you been writing the test before the teacher came? (for twenty minutes) 2. How long had he been living in the city before he moved here? (since childhood) 3. How long had she been cooking lunch before her mother came? (for an hour) 4. How long had the dog been sleeping when it got up? (since morning) 5. How long had the girl been cleaning her room when she found her old bag? (for two hours) 6. How long had the man been watching TV when he turned it off ? (for half an hour) 7. How long had the people been crying at the boy when he ran away? (for a long time)

Упражнение 10. Упражнения на скорость. 1.5 мин.

Образец: Had it rained yesterday before I came? (to snow for two hours) — No, it hadn’t. It had been snowing for two hours.

1. Had he written a test before the lesson was over? (a dictation for half an hour) 2. Had they gone to the country by bus before it rained? (by car for forty minutes) 3. Had she brushed her hair when she went to school? (to do a make-up for twenty minutes) 4. Had you drawn a picture by the time I came? (to read a book for half a day) 5. Had he worked in the factory when he became a master? (to work in the office for a year) 6. Had the cat caught the bird when you noticed it? (to hunt for ten minutes). 7. Had it hailed when the sun rose? (to rain for an hour)

Упражнение 11. Поставьте сказуемое в Past Perfect Continuous, 30 сек.

Образец: Was he writing a letter when his girl came? (to read a book) — No, he wasn’t. He had been reading a book for two hours when his girl came.

1. Was he (to read) a book when his friend came? (to dance with his girl for two hours) 2. Was it (to snow) when morning came? (to rain for all the night till morning came) 3. Was he (to draw) a picture when his friend came? (to listen to the music for half an hour) 4. Was he (work) at the factory when the accident happened? (in the office for two hours)

Упражнение 12. Поставьте сказуемое в Past Perfect Continuous, 30 сек.

1. He said that he (work) at the factory since July. 2. He told he (work) at the factory for five years till he got job in other city. 3. He said that he (translate) the article till his mother came. 4. He said he (work) at the factory for five years by the moment. 5. How long you (work) at home till your friend came? 6. By the time he (work) for 3 years.

Упражнение 13. Поставьте сказуемое в Past Perfect Continuous. 1 мин.

1. He (read) a book for 2 hours when his friend came. 2. It (rain) for all the night till morning came. 3. He (read) a book by the time his friend came. 4. He said that he (work) at the factory since July. 5. He told he (work) at the factory for five years till he got a new job in other city. 6. He said that he (translate) the article till his mother came. 7. He said he (work) at the factory for five years by the moment. 8. How long you (work) at home till your friend came? 9. He (work) at the factory for 2 years when the accident happened. 10. By the time he (work) for 3 years.

FUTURE PERFECT

Упражнение 14. Упражнения на скорость. 1 мин.

Образец: Will you be having dinner when I come to you? — No, I won’t. I will have already had dinner.

1. Will your brother be at school at nine? (to go home by that time) 2. Will they be flying to Egypt in the morning? (to arrive before morning) 3. Will she be doing her morning exercises at eight? (to finish doing) 4. Will he be reading the text when you come? (finish reading) 5. Will she be working in the office in January? (to find other work) 6. Will he be watching TV at nine? (to watch his favourite program) 7. Will you be having lunch when I come? (to finish it)

Упражнение 15. Упражнения на скорость. 1 мин.

Образец: He will have had lunch by the time I come. (to write a letter) — No, he won’t have had lunch, he will have written a letter by the time.

1. They will have arrived in Moscow by nine. (to Minsk). 2. He will have done his lessons by the end of the time. (to draw a picture). 3. She will have read the text when her friend comes. (to write a message). 4. The student will have passed the exam by January. (by February). 5. She will have bought a car by the end of the year. (by April). 6. He will have decorated the Christmas tree by the middle of December. (by the beginning of the month). 7. She will have written a now song by the beginning of the holiday. (by the end of the week).

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Упражнение 16. Упражнения на скорость. 1.5 мин. Образец: Will you be having dinner when I come to you? — Yes, I will have been having it for half an hour when you come to me.

1. Will your brother be at school at nine? (for half an hour by that time). 2. Will they be flying to Egypt in the morning? (to fly for half a night by the morning). 3. Will she be doing her morning exercises at eight? (for an hour by eight). 4. Will he be reading the text when you come? (for two hours). 5. Will she be working in the office in January? (for a month by January). 6. Will he be watching TV at nine? (for three hours by nine). 7. Will you be having lunch when I come? (for twenty minutes).

Упражнение 7. Упражнения на скорость. 1.5 мин. Образец: He will have had lunch by the time I come. (to write a letter) — No, he won’t have had lunch, he will have been writing a letter for an hour by the time you come.

1. They will have arrived to Moscow by nine. (to fly to Minsk for half a day by nine). 2. He will have done his lessons by the end of the time. (to draw a picture for half an hour). 3. She will have read the text when her friend comes. (to write a message since morning). 4. The student will have passed the exams by January. (for one month by February). 5. She will have bought a car by the end of the year. (to choose it for a long time by next year). 6. He will have decorated the Christmas tree by the middle of December. (for a month by the beginning of next month). 7. She will have written a new song by the beginning of the holiday. (for a week by the end of the month).

Упражнение 18. Future Continuous и Future Perfect Continuous на скорость. Прочтите вслух за 2 мин. Образец: What will you be doing at five? (to read a book, for one hour) — I will be reading a book at five. - How long? — I’ll have been reading a book for an hour by five.

1. What will he be doing when his mother comes? (to draw a picture, since morning). 2. What will they be doing then? (to dance, for half an hour). 3. What will she be doing at the stadium at three? (to play tennis, since lunch). 4. Where will they be going at midnight? (to fly to Egypt, for half a day already). 5. Where will he be running at midday? (to the railway station. for twenty minutes). 6. What game will she be playing when her friends come? (tennis, for half an hour). 7. What book will he be reading at two? (about the war, for an hour). 8. Where will they be swimming at five? (in the swimming-pool, for two hours). 9. What will he be drawing at six? (a portrait, for one hour).

ГЛАВА 8

Употребление PRESENT PERFECT — PAST

Перфект имеет все временные формы, свойственные обычному времени. Образуется с помощью have/has/had + Participle II; has только для 3лица, единственного числа в Present.

Past — внимание сконцентрировано на процессе, Perfect — внимание сконцентрировано на результате

Иными словами, в Past называется что-то или кто-то или обстоятельства и время, вызывающие возникшую ситуацию. При этом достаточно даже не упоминать эти признаки, а просто иметь их в виду. Так называемый фон, на котором произошло действие.

В Past важен процесс, т.е. когда произошло действие, причём и само действие и результат остались в прошлом, и отделены от настоящего момента каким-то, пусть даже очень коротким, промежутком времени. Действие привязано к какому-то моменту в прошлом. Как только становится уместным слово when, what time, используется Past

В Perfect важен результат, т.е. неизвестно, когда произошло действие, невозможно отделить время действия предмета от настоящего, выделить момент или период в прошлом, когда произошло это действие.

представьте линию времени на простейшем рисунке, где О — это настоящий момент, а линия слева и справа является прошедшим и будущим соответственно.

Когда происходит действие в двух временах:

Past

Действие произошло в какой-то момент в прошлом Действие происходило в какой-то период в прошлом

past______х____О___ future past_____(ххххх)____О____future

Perfect

Действие произошло в период от момента в прошлом до настоящего момента включительно, неизвестно когда точно

past хххххО____future

He worked in a factory for 3 years. — существует промежуток времени между работой на заводе и настоящим моментом (между Х и О). Отработал три года в прошлом. Сейчас он работает в другом месте.

He has worked in a factory for 3 year. — нет промежутка времени между работой на заводе и настоящим моментом. Он до сих пор работает там или стоит в бухгалтерии, получая расчёт. Есть только область совершения действия от момента в прошлом до настоящего момента.

Для этих предложений можно построить следующую схему:

Past

отдельный период действия в прошлом

past___(ххххх)___О___future He worked in a factory for 3 years.

Perfect

период от момента в прошлом до настоящего момента

past хххххххххххО____future He has worked in a factory for 3 year.

Х — действие, которое произошло в Past. Можно чётко локализовать, когда произошло действие (период этого действия) или где или на фоне чего и т. д. Имеется промежуток между действием или периодом, когда произошло действие, и настоящим моментом.

В Perfect невозможно определить, в какой момент или период в прошлом произошло действие. Момент его совершения не определён и находится в области от какого-то момента в прошлом до настоящего момента включительно

Past

Действие произошло, известно когда. (или где или при каких обстоятельствах или на фоне чего). Есть промежуток времени между действием и настоящим моментом

Present Perfect

Действие произошло, неизвестно когда. Нет промежутка времени между действием и настоящим моментом. Действие было совершено на всём протяжении прошлого до настоящего момента включительно

I have never been to Italy. — неизвестно, когда, нет привязки ко времени в прошлом Shakespearenever was in Italy. — известно, когда, когда Шекспир был жив

Have you seen this film? — неизвестно, когда до настоящего момента Did you see this film? — известно, когда из контекста, например, вчера фильм показывали по телевизору, и вопрос задан о событии, которое произошло вчера.

Важно при этом понять, закончилось время совершения действия или нет. Если нет, то это перфект.

We have learnt enough to pass the exam. — экзамена еще не было, он предстоит We learnt enough to pass the exam. — экзамен закончился, значит известно, когда — до экзамена

I have seen my boss this morning. — утро еще не закончилось I saw my boss this morning. — утро закончилось, уже вечер

Второй важный признак перфекта — возможность составить предложение в настоящем времени без изменения смысла.

I have lost my keys. = I don’t have my keys now. — У меня нет ключей. I believe I lost them in the shop. — невозможно составить предложение в настоящем времени о потере ключей, поскольку смысл фразы изменится и будет заключаться в не в потере ключей, а в действии в отношении их в магазине:

I don’t have my keys in the shop now. — У меня нет ключей в магазине. What’s up with you? You are bleeding. — I have broken my nose. John hit me.

Во втором случае будет Past, так как известно, кто, а, значит, и когда ударил.

Somebody has let the cat in. — Кошка здесь, концентрация на результате, это для всех новость Who let the cat in? — вопрос задаётся о прошлом, концентрация на процессе, в ходе которого пустили кошку. Уже известно, что она здесь, это не новость, вопрос лишь в причине ее появления.

Существует множество наречий и сочетаний слов, использующихся в Perfect: ever, never, yet, before, already, for, since, just, so, during, recently, lately, this week, today, all the year

Так называемые законченные выражения свойственны Past: last week, ago, in 2015, when, then, yesterday

В новостях в бегущих строках, газетах, заголовках, документах и т. д. имеется тенденция к упрощению. Поэтому зачастую используется Past вместо Perfect

В косвенной речи в качестве вводного предложения с глаголами to say, to tell и т. д. принято использовать Past

Упражнение 1. Поставьте в Present Perfect или Past

1. Maria (to get) some bad news last week. She (to be) sad since she (to get) the bad news. 2. I (to start) school when I was five years old. I (to be) at school since I (to be) five years old. 3. I (to change) my job three times this year. 4. I (to change) my job three times last year. 5. The weather was hot and dry for many weeks. But two days ago it (to rain). 6. Tom (to break) his leg five days ago. He’s at hospital. He (to be) at hospital since he (to break) his leg. 7. Are you going to finish your work before you go to bed? — I (to finish) it already. I (to finish) my work two hours ago. 8. I (to have) a nice pot of coffee. Would you like a cup? 9. I (to see, not) him this morning yet. 10. Helen and me are old friends. I (to know) her since I (to be) a student at high school. 11. Daria (to have) a lot of problems since she (to come) to this country. 12. I (to go) to Paris in 2003 and 2006. 13. A car came round the corner and I (to jump) out of the way. 14. Don’t throw the paper away because I (not to read) it yet.

1. got / has been / got. 2. started, have been / was. 3. have changed. 4. changed. 5. rained. 6. broke / has been/ broke. 7. have already finished / finished. 8. have had. 9. haven’t seen. 10. have known /was. 11. has had / came. 12. went. 13. jumped. 14. haven’t read.

Упражнение 2. Поставьте в Present Perfect или Past

1. You (ever to work) in a shop? 2. I (to work) at my uncle’s shop when I was younger. 3. It’s the first time I (to be) on a ship. 4. Ann is looking for her key. She can’t find it. She (to lose) her key. 5. How many symphonies Beethoven (to compose)? 6. Look! Somebody (to spill) ink on the notebook. 7. You (to have) a holiday this year yet? 8. You (to see) any good films recently? 9. He (to have, not) any problems since he (to come) here. 10. I (to cut) some flowers from my garden yesterday. I (to cut) lots of flowers from my garden so far this summer. 11. I (to see, not) Tom lately. 12. Is Jim going to eat lunch with us today? — No, he (to eat) already. He (to eat) lunch an hour ago. 13. Since we (to start) doing this exercise, we (to complete) some sentences. 14. I (to be) never to Italy.

1. have you ever worked. 2. worked. 3. have been. 4. has lost. 5. did Beethoven compose. 6. has spilt. 7. have you had. 8. have you seen. 9. hasn’t had / came. 10. cut / have cut. 11. haven’t seen. 12. has already eaten / ate. 13. started /have completed. 14. have never been.

Упражнение 3. Поставьте в Present Perfect или Past

1. The artist (to draw) a picture of the sunset yesterday. She (to draw) many pictures of sunsets in her lifetime. 2. I (to feed) birds at the park yesterday. I (to feed) birds at the park every day since I (to move) to this place. 3. Ann (to wake up) late and (to miss) her breakfast on Monday. 4. I (to forget) to turn off the stove after dinner. I (to forget) to turn off the stove a lot of times in my lifetime. 5. The children (to hide) in the basement yesterday. They (to hide) in the basement often since they (to discover) a secret place there. 6. We first (to meet) in 2001. So we (to know) each other for 8 years.

1 drew / has drawn. 2. fed / have fed /moved. 3. woke up / missed. 4. forgot / have forgotten. 5. hid / have hidden / discovered. 6. met / have known.

Упражнение 4. Поставьте в Present Perfect или Past

1. She (to change) a lot since she left school. 2. I (to see) this film and I don’t want to see it again. 3. Slavery (to take place) in the United States a century ago. 4. Long ago, they (to build) most houses made of wood. 5. Scientists still (to not/find) a cure for cancer. 6. He (to eat) never Chinese food before. 7. In my first job I (to be) responsible for marketing. 8. The first modern Olympics games (to take) place in Athens more than a hundred years ago.

1. has changed. 2. have seen. 3. took place. 4. built. 5. have not found. 6. has never eaten. 7. was. 8. took.

Упражнение 5. Поставьте в Present Perfectили Past

1. — This is a nice guitar. Is it new? — No, I (to play) it for about a year, but I (not to use) it very much. I (to buy) it in Moscow. 2. When you (to go) to country? — I (to go) there with my family in spring. I (to stay) with my girl-friend. 3. Is your girl-friend from Moscow? — Yes. I (to have) my girl-friend for two years already. She (to come) to my place last summer.

1. Have played/haven’t used/bought. 2. Did you go/went/stayed. 3. Have had/came.

Упражнение 6. Поставьте в Present Perfect или Past

1. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France. 2. She (to live) there last year. 3. The rain (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again. 4. The rain (to stop) half an hour ago. 5. Mary (to buy) a new hat. 6. I (to buy) a pair of gloves yesterday. 7. The wind (to blow) off the man’s hat, and he cannot catch it. 8. The weather (to change), and we can go for a walk. 9. The wind (to change) in the morning. 10. We (to travel) around Europe last year. 11. Last night I (to feel) tired and (to go) to bed very early. 12. Where you (to spend) your holidays? 13. You ever (to spend) your holidays in the Crimea? 14. While traveling in the Crimea I (to meet) your friend. 15. I never (to visit) that place. 16. He (to visit) that place last year. 17. I just (to get) a letter from Tom. 18. You (to take) any photographs while traveling in the south? 19. He (to be) abroad five years ago. 20. You (to be) in the Caucasus last year?

1. has lived или lived в зависимости, уехала ли она 2. Lived 3. has stopped 4. stopped 5. has bought 6. bought 7. has blown 8. has changed 9. changed 10. travelled 11. felt, went 12. did you spend 13. have you ever spent 14. met 15. have never visited 16. visited 17. have just got 18. did you take 19. was 20. Were you

ГЛАВА 9

PERFECT SIMPLE — PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Past Perfect

_____ х ___Past _____О(настоящий момент)

Действие произошло до другого действия или момента в прошлом

Он уже отправил письмо до обеда. He had already sent his letter before lunch. Когда я встретил его вчера в пять часов, он уже сделал все уроки When I met him at 5 yesterday he had already done lessons.

Past Perfect Continuous

(ххххххххххPast)____ О(настоящий момент)

Действие началось и продолжается или закончилось во время начала следующего действия или момента в прошлом, отвечает на вопрос: сколько, как долго?

Он смотрел фильм уже час, когда я пришёл к нему. He had been watching the movie for an hour when I came to his place. Вчера до пяти он делал уроки уже час. He had been doing his homework for an hour by 5 o’clock yesterday.

Present Perfect

хххххххххххххххххххО(настоящий момент)

Действие произошло до настоящего момента, неизвестно когда (в какой момент или период в прошлом)

Он прочитал эту книгу. He has read this book. Он проработал на заводе пять лет. He has worked at the factory for 5 years.

Present Perfect Continuous

(ххххххххххххххххххО(настоящий момент))

Действие началось в какой-то момент в прошлом и закончилось или продолжается в настоящий момент, отвечает на вопрос: сколько, как долго?

Он читает книгу уже два часа. He has been reading the book for two hours.

Future Perfect

О(настоящий момент)__X___ Х ____Future

Действие совершится до другого действия или момента в будущем

Он придет до того, как я напишу письмо. He will have come before I write a letter. Он придет к 5 часам завтра. He will have come by 5 o’clock tomorrow.

Future Perfect Continuous

О(настоящий момент)ххххххX____Future

Действие начнётся и будет продолжаться или закончится во время начала другого действия или момента в будущем, отвечает на вопрос: как долго?

Он будет смотреть фильм час до того, как я приду. He’ll have been watching the movie for an hour by the time I come.

К 5 часам он будет спать уже пару часов. By 5 o’clock he’ll have been sleeping for a couple of hours.

Перфектный Continuousобозначает незаконченное или длительное действие. В прошедшем времени это означает, что предыдущее действие не закончилось с началом следующего или говорится о длительности предыдущего действия. В настоящем времени это означает, что в момент речи действие продолжается или налицо его результат. В будущем времени это означает, что к началу будущего действия предыдущее еще будет продолжаться или длиться долго.

ГЛАВА 10

Употребление PAST PERFECT — PAST

действие произошло до другого действия или момента в прошлом I remembered that we had met before. Я вспомнил, что встречал ее раньше.

When I came she had already gone. Когда я пришёл, он уже ушла. I told her that I had finished. Я сказал ей, что закончил. He had already gone by that time. К тому времени он уже ушёл.

Если предложение разбить на два простых, в которых действия следуют друг за другом, то употребляются два последовательных Past. То есть, нет концентрации на предшествовании одного действия другому.

Mary said some horrible things to me. I felt very upset. I felt very upset of what Mary had said to me.

В последнем случае части сложного предложения не отделяются друг от друга без искажения смысла. После Past Perfectставится Past, несмотря на тот факт, что действие было совершено до другого действия. Эта тенденция упрощения уже вытеснила строгие правила. Второй Past Perfect возможен, но менее употребителен.

He told me somebody had phoned when I was out (had been out). He told he hadn’t understood what she said. (she had said).

С союзом before случается нелогичное использование Past Perfect, когда следующее действие оказывается совершенным ранее.

He died before I had had a chance to speak to him. She went out before I had realized what was happening.

I arrived before she had finished washing the dishes. He went out before I had finished me sentence.

Употребляются союзы hardly…. when/before, scarcely…. when/before, no sooner… than с инверсией в формальном английском. В разговорной речи более естественен обычный порядок слов.

Hardly had he/ Hardly he had entered the house when he saw her. No sooner had the man/ No sooner the man had entered the room than she screamed. Hardly/scarcely had I/ I had closed my eyes when the phone rang.

Короткое правило для запоминания:

Past Perfect действие произошло до другого действия или момента в прошлом

ГЛАВА 11

PAST PERFECT — PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

By that time we had been living in the country for about half a year. К тому времени они жили в деревне полгода.

When she arrived I had been waiting for about half an hour. Когда она приехала, я ждал ее около получаса.

Если предшествующий период длится очень долго, возможен Simple вместо Continuous

The castle had stood for 500 years when they began to destroy it. Замок стоял уже пять веков, когда его начали разрушать.

Если возникает затруднение с выбором Continuousили Past, решите, что вы хотите подчеркнуть: длительность процесса или результат.

I had been reading a book till you came and now I’m full of new ideas. Я читал книгу до твоего прихода и теперь полон новых мыслей.

I had read a book till you came and now I’m tired. Я прочитал книгу до твоего прихода и теперь устал.

Упражнение 1. Past Perfect — Past Perfect Continuous

Там, где говорится, как долго, сколько длится действие употребляется Past Perfect Continuous

1.Он работал два года, прежде чем получил новую должность. 2. Он писал картину два месяца, пока не начал пить. 3. Он написал письмо к тому времени, как она пришла. 4. Он сказал, что сделал работу. 5. Она сказала, что занималась английским до того, как он пришёл. 6. Он сказал, что шел дождь. 7. Он сказал, что час назад прошёл дождь. 8. Он сказал, что дождь шел три часа. 9. К тому моменту дождь прошёл. 10. Дом стоял больше века, когда его снесли.

1. He had been working for two years before he got a new position. 2. He had been drawing a new picture for two months when he began using alcohol. 3. He had written a letter by the time she came. 4. He said he had done the work. 5. She had been learning English for two hours, when he came. 6. He said that it had begun raining. 7. He said that it had rained an hour before. 8. He said it had been raining for three hours. 9. It had stopped raining by that moment. 10. The building had stood/ had been standing for over a century by the time it was ruined.

ГЛАВА12

PRESENT CONTINUOUS — PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

В предложении с Present Continuous, ставится вопрос: что происходит? В предложении с Present Perfect Continuous, ставится вопрос: как долго это происходит? Если действие закончилось к настоящему моменту, вопрос звучит: как долго это происходило?

Законченность действия очень условна. Присутствуют признаки влияния действия на настоящий момент. Поэтому в предложениях, выраженных Present Perfect Continuous, часто стоят или подразумеваются наречия или сочетания слов, отвечающих на вопрос: как долго? сколько? — for, since, all day, this month, the whole night Are you learning English?

Ты учишь английский? — сейчас How long have you been learning English? Сколько ты учишь английский? — какое-то время до этого и сейчас

It is snowing идёт снег. — сейчас

It has been snowing since Monday. Снег идёт с понедельника. — какое-то время до этого и сейчас

It has been snowing all week. Всю неделю шел снег. — какое-то время до настоящего момента. Перестал идти только что

I’m learning a poem. Я учу стих. — сейчас I have been learning a poem all day. Я учу стих весь день. — какое-то время до этого

I have been repairing a car all day. Я ремонтировал машину весь день. — какое-то время до настоящего момента. Только что перестал

Если действие очень долгое, то допустимо применять Present Perfect Simple

He has been standing here all day. Он стоит тут целый день. The castle has stood on the hill for 500 years. Замок стоит на холме пятьсот лет.

I have been living at my parents’ for the last month. Последний месяц я живу у родителей. They have lived here for all their lives. Они живут/прожили здесь всю свою жизнь.

Если выбор между Present Perfect Continuous— Present Continuousопределяется временем совершения действия (в данный момент или сколько-то времени до этого), то выбор Present Perfect Continuousопределяется подчёркиванием длительности действия.

Present Perfect — действие совершилось до настоящего момента. Present Perfect Continuous— действие совершалось какое-то время до настоящего момента или продолжается совершаться

Упражнение 1. Present Perfect Continuous и Present Continuous. 1 мин.

Образец: What are you doing now? (to read a book, for one hour) — I’m reading a book now. I’ve been reading a book for an hour.

1. What is he doing now? (to draw a picture, since morning). 2. What are they doing at the moment? (to dance, for half an hour). 3. What is she doing now? (to play tennis, since lunch). 4. Where are they going now? (to fly to Egypt, for half a day already). 5. Where is he running? (to the railway station, for twenty minutes). 6. What are they building? (to build a library, for two years). 7. Why is she crying? (to cut the onion, for 5 minutes). 8. Why aren’t they watching cartoons? (to sleep, for an hour)

Упражнение 2. Поставьте сказуемое в Present Perfect Continuous

1.Скоро будет 10 лет, как она работает на заводе. 2. Через неделю будет год, как я учу английский. 3. Через месяц будет два года, как строят новый завод. 4. Следующим летом будет уже пять лет, как ты пишешь свой роман. 5. В следующем году будет уже три года, как он играет в теннис. 6. Через несколько дней будет год, как они изучают французский. 7. В июне будет два года, как он пишет портрет. 8. Через несколько минут будет уже час, как они пишут сочинение.

1. It’ll be ten years soon as he has been working at the factory. 2. In a week it’ll be a year as I have been studying English. 3. In a month it’ll be two years as they have been building a new factory. 4. Next summer it’ll be five years as you have been writing the novel. 5. Next year it’ll be three years as he has been playing tennis. 6. In a few days it’ll be a year as they have been studying French. 7. In June it’ll be two years as he has been drawing the portrait. 8. In a few minutes it’ll be an hour as they have been writing a composition.

Упражнение 3. Выберите Present Perfect Continuous или Present Continuous

1. Он опять смотрит сериал, он смотрит его с самого утра. 2. Кто взял мой кошелёк? Я ищу его уже час. 3. Мы упаковали вещи, теперь ждём машину. 4. Сколько она уже болтает по телефону? 5. Они вместе уже пять лет. 6. Все это время он говорит только о своей новой машине. 7. Где он? — Он собирает вещи. Он копается уже полдня и все еще не собрал их. 8. Он катается на коньках первый раз в жизни. Он катается уже полчаса. 9. Я слушаю тебя уже час, но ничего не понял.

1. He is watching his favourite film. He has been watching it since morning. 2. Who took my wallet? I have been looking for it for an hour. 3. We have packed our things and now are waiting for a car. 4. How long has she been chatting on the phone? 5. They have been living together for five years. 6. He has been talking about his car only all this time. 7. Where is he? — He is packing his things. He has been doing it for half a day already and hasn’t packed them yet. 8. He is skating first time in his life. He has been skating for half an hour. 9. I have been listening to you for an hour but I’ve understood nothing.

ГЛАВА 13

FUTURE PERFECT — FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Обратите внимание: там, где говорится, как долго, сколько будет длиться действие употребляется Future Perfect Continuous

Упражнение 1. Поставьте глагол в Future Perfect Continuous.

1.В следующем году будет уже пять лет, как он проработает на этом заводе. 2. Через год будет пять лет, как я буду заниматься спортом. 3. Через неделю будет два года, как будут строить мост через Волгу. 4. Будущей зимой будет три года, как мы будем строить дачу. 5. На будущий год исполнится 5 лет, как он будет играть в шахматы. 6. Через неделю исполнится месяц, как он будет искать своё письмо. 7. В июле будет два года, как он будет писать свои мемуары. 8. Через полчаса будет уже три часа, как они будут писать контрольную.

1. It’ll be five years next year as I will have been working in the factory. 2. In a year it’ll be five years as I will have been going in for sports. 3. In a week it’ll be two years as they will have been building a bridge over the Volga. 4. Next winter it’ll be three years as we will have been building our country house. 5. Next year it’ll be five years as he will have been playing chess. 6. In a week it’ll be a month as he will have been looking for his letter. 7. In June it’ll be two years as he will have been writing his memories. 8. In half an hour it’ll be three hours as they will have been writing a test.

Упражнение 2. Выберите Future Perfect или Future Perfect Continuous

1. They (to build) the new church by the end of the year. 2. By the end of the month they (to wait) two years for getting a new flat. 3. He says you (to finish) your work by the end on the month. 4. We (to fly) non-stop for 10 hours before we reach Moscow. 5. He (to go) to work before his son gets home from school. 6. By next month they (to build) their country house. 7. Do you think your sister (to work) in the company for 10 months next year? 8. They (to be in divorce) for 17 years next year? 9. How long they (to look) for a flat next Sunday? 10. She (to write) a letter for half an hour when her mother comes. 11. The man (to stand) for twenty minutes when she comes. 12. The old lady (to cross) the road by the time a car appears. 13. The castle (to stand) for 3 centuries before they destroy it. 14. We (to sleep) all the morning before the sun arises.

1. Will have built. 2. Will have been waiting. 3. Will have finished. 4. Will have been flying. 5. Will have gone. 6. Will have built. 7. Will have been working. 8. Will they have been? 9. Will they have been looking? 10. Will have been writing. 11. Will have been standing. 12. Will have crossed. 13. Will have stood/will have been standing. 14. Will have been sleeping.

ГЛАВА 14

ПАССИВНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ – PASSIVE VOICE

В русском языке значение страдательного залога совпадает со значением пассивного залога в английском языке.

Глагол в Passive Voiceозначает, что действие направлено на подлежащее. Не само подлежащее выполняет действие, а выполняется действие в отношении него.

He broke his car. Он сломал свою машину. His car is broken. Его машина сломана. He often asks questions. Он часто задаёт вопросы. He is often asked questions. Ему часто задают вопросы.

Passive Voice образуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be, который ставится в соответствующем времени, и третьей формой основного глагола (Participle II). В формах Continuousдобавляется форма being, которая ставится между глаголом to beи Participle II.

The book is translated. The book is being translated. The book was translated. The book was being translated. The book will be translated. The book will be being translated.

The book has been translated. The book has been being translated. The book had been translated. The book had been being translated. The book will have been translated. The book will have been being translated.

В вопросительных предложениях глагол to be ставится перед подлежащим, за которым следует Participle II. Если вспомогательных глагола два, то второй вспомогательный глагол ставится после подлежащего. В отрицательных предложениях отрицание следует за первым вспомогательным глаголом.

When was the book translated? Когда была переведена книга? When will the book be translated? Когда будет переведена книга? The book is not translated. Книга не переведена. The book will not be translated. Книга не будет переведена.

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте предложение во всех временах на английском языке. Следует помнить, что перфектные продолженные формы Passive Voice существуют, но ввиду их громоздкости предпочтительно употребление предложения в Active Voice. В данном упражнении используйте все временные формы. Упражнение на скорость, 30 секунд.

The book is translated. The book is being translated. The book has been translated. The book has been being translated.

The book was translated. The book was been being translated. The book had been translated. The book had been being translated.

The book will be translated. The book will be being translated. The book will have been translated. The book will have been being translated.

Упражнение 2. Самостоятельно, глядя на английские предложения в первом упражнении, поставьте их в вопросительную и отрицательную формы во всех временах. Упражнение на скорость 1,5 мин. Образец: Is the book translated? – The book is not translated. Will the book have been being translated? – The book won’t have been being translated.

ГЛАВА 15

ТЕСТ НА ВСЕ ВРЕМЕНА

Проверьте себя:

1. скажите, когда происходит действие в каждом из времён

2. составьте предложения на русском языке во всех временах, проговорите за 30 секунд

3. составьте предложения на английском во всех временах, проговорите за 40 секунд

Present Simple — действие происходит вообще

Present Continuous — действие происходит в настоящий момент или период времени

Past Simple — действие произошло, известно когда

Past Continuous — действие происходило в определённый момент или период времени

Future Simple — действие произойдёт

Future Continuous — действие будет происходить в определённый момент или период времени

Present Perfect — действие произошло, неизвестно когда, в какой момент или период в прошлом

Present Perfect Continuous — действие происходило до настоящего момента или происходит до сих пор, отвечает на вопрос: сколько, как долго?

Past Perfect — действие произошло до другого действия или момента в прошлом

Past Perfect Continuous — действие происходило до другого действия или момента в прошлом, отвечает на вопрос: сколько, как долго?

Future Perfect — действие произойдёт до другого действия или момента в будущем

Future Perfect Continuous — действие будет происходить до другого действия или момента в будущем, отвечает на вопрос: сколько, как долго?

Present Simple Он много читает.

Present Continuous Он сейчас читает.

Past Simple Он читал вчера.

Past Continuous Он читал вчера в пять.

Future Simple Он будет читать.

Future Continuous Он будет читать в пять часов.

Present Perfect Он прочитал книгу.

Present Perfect Cont. Он читает книгу уже два часа.

Past Perfect Он прочёл книгу до утра.

Past Perfect Cont. Он читал книгу час до обеда.

Future Perfect Он прочтёт книгу до утра.

Future Perfect Cont. Он будет читать час до обеда.

Present Simple He paints.

Present Continuous He is painting.

Past Simple He painted.

Past Continuous He was painting.

Future Simple He will paint.

Future Continuous He will be painting.

Present Perfect He has painted.

Present Perfect Cont. He has been painting.

Past Perfect He had painted.

Past Perfect Cont. He had been painting.

Future Perfect He will have painted.

Future Perfect Cont. He will have been painting

Лилла Аскеза ©, ссылка на канал обязательна