Краткий ответ
Исследования показывают, что у пожилых людей с низкой мышечной массой выше риск развития деменции; сообщаемые отношения рисков (hazard ratio) варьируют примерно от 1.33 до 2.40.
Обзор
Низкая мышечная масса и связанные с ней дефициты физической работоспособности связаны с более высоким риском возникновения деменции у пожилых людей. Исследования с прямыми измерениями — такими как двухэнергетическая рентгеновская абсорбциометрия (DXA), компьютерная томография, биоимпедансный анализ и антропометрия — показывают, что более низкие показатели аппендикулярной безжировой массы, индекс скелетной мышечной массы или сила сжатия кисти ассоциированы с повышенным риском деменции. Например, в одном проспективном когортном исследовании низкая аппендикулярная безжировая масса давала скорректированное отношение рисков 1.33, тогда как в другом исследовании, использовавшем опросник саркопении (SARC-F), было получено отношение рисков 2.40.
В разных популяциях — от Северной Америки и Европы до Азии и Африки — исследования с периодами наблюдения от 3 до 13 лет показывают, что сниженная мышечная масса или более слабые показатели физической работоспособности часто предсказывают когнитивное снижение или возникновение деменции. Некоторые работы указывают, что каждый прирост на одну стандартную девиацию по индексам мышечной массы соответствует значимому снижению риска, тогда как часть исследований не выявила существенной связи. Несмотря на гетерогенность методов измерения и определений, большинство данных по пожилым людям из общих (не клинических) популяций подтверждают связь между низкой мышечной массой и повышенным риском деменции.
Методы
Мы проанализировали 40 источников из начального пула в 499, применив 8 критериев отбора. Каждая статья была оценена по 8 ключевым аспектам, наиболее важным для исследовательского вопроса.
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