This review outlines the technological principles of neural-computer interface (NCI) construction, classifying them according to

This review outlines the technological principles of neural-computer interface (NCI) construction, classifying them according to:

(1) the degree of intervention (invasive, semiinvasive, and non-invasive);

(2) the direction of signal communication, including BCI (brain-computer interface) for converting neural activity into commands for external devices, CBI (computer-brain interface) for translating artificial signals into stimuli for the CNS, and BBI (brain-brain interface) for direct brain-to-brain interaction systems that account for agency; and

(3) the mode of user interaction with technology (active, reactive, passive)

Ignat Dubynin, Maxim Zemlyanskov, Irina Shalayeva, Oleg Gorsky, Vladimir Grinevich, Pavel Musienko. Neural-Computer Interfaces: Theory, Practice, Perspectives

TechRxiv. June 12, 2025

https://www.techrxiv.org/doi/full/10.36227/techrxiv.174970192.23581598