I. a) Первые формы глагола, которые принято тренировать, обычно формы активного залога:
(Present Simple) I take the books.
(Past Simple) I took the books
(Future Simple) I will take the books.
(Present Continuous) I am taking the books.
(Past Continuous) I was taking the books.
(Future Continuous) I will be taking the books.
(Present Perfect) I have taken the books.
(Past Perfect) I had taken the books.
(Future Perfect) I will have taken the books.
(Present Perfect Continuous) I have been taking the books.
(Past Perfect Continuous) I had been taking the books.
(Future Perfect Continuous) I will have been taking the books.
b) Когда действие совершается над предметом, залог меняется, теперь это страдательный залог. Общая схема для страдательного или пассивного залога: be+ V3/ed, то есть у всех форм в конце будет третья форма смыслового неправильного глагола или окончание -ed правильных глаголов. Изменение происходит только в части глагола to be:
(Present Simple Passive) am/is/are + V3/ed
The book is taken (by me).
The books are taken (by Jack).
(Past Simple Passive) was/were + V3/ed
The book was taken.
The books were taken.
(Future Simple Passive) will be + V3/ed
The book will be taken.
The books will be taken.
(Present Continuous Passive) am/is/are being + V3/ed
The book is being taken.
The books are being taken.
(Past Continuous Passive) was/were being + V3/ed
The book was being taken.
The books were being taken.
(Future Continuous Passive) x
(Present Perfect Passive) have/has been + V3/ed
The book has been taken.
The books have been taken.
(Past Perfect Passive) had been + V3/ed
The book had been taken.
The books had been taken.
(Future Perfect Passive) will have been +V3/ed
The book will have been taken.
The books will have been taken.
Формы группы Perfect Continuous не используются в пассивном залоге.
c) Если важно отметить кем или чем совершено действие, вводим эту информацию с помощью by.
It is done by them.
He will be asked by Jane.
The picture was painted by a famous artist.
Иногда используют with, когда упоминают с помощью чего произведено действие, с помощью какого устройства/ инструмента.
The letters were written with pencil.
The paper has been cut with scissors.
II. Стоит отметить, что у инфинитива, герундия и причастия могут быть пассивные формы.
He wants to hear that. Он хочет услышать это.
He wants to be heard. Он хочет быть услышан.
I can ask a question. Я могу спросить вопрос.
I can be asked a question. Меня могут спросить вопрос.
It could have delivered the parcel. Это могло доставить посылку.
It could have been delivered. Это могло было быть доставлено.
Listening is important. Аудирование - важно.
Being listened to is important. Быть услышанным - важно.
Having pushed the door, they entered the shop. Толкнув дверь, они вошли в магазин.
Having been pushed by the door, they started complaining. Будучи толкнутыми дверью, они начали жаловаться.
Interactive practice: