During childhood there is a very intensive mental and physical development. Early childhood is a particularly important and critical period of development. Isolation from other people's society, or any other disorder, can lead to irreparable mental disorders. The period of the childhood proceeds about one tenth of a human life and from children's character it is possible to define what character there will be in the period of the carried out person.
From a year to three years a child has all the milk teeth, he quickly grows and gains weight. Memory and speech develop, the child begins to actively learn the world, gradually orienting himself/herself in the world around him/her. Important for the baby, at this time, the game is important. In place of early childhood comes preschool age.
Scientists believe that the first six years is one of the most important periods in human development. In this period the basis of all future life is laid. Self-esteem, self-confidence, behavior in stressful situations, knowledge that you are loved and desired - all this originates in the earliest childhood, in the relationship between the baby and parents.
Because the period is a predetermining factor for the formation of personality, it is important to have an idea of the child of a given age. The best way to get to know the child is to observe him/her. It is also useful to be aware of the similarities of young children.
By the age of three, the child learns the ability to separate himself from others, to talk about himself from the first person, the desire for independence is noted - there is a crisis of three years. The crisis is temporary in importance, but it is important in the development of personality, you just need to survive it.
Development of social, cognitive spheres of the child.
The period from one year to three years is an early childhood. At this age, changes in personality development, social situation of development, cognitive sphere are noted.
Newly formed infants lead to a change in relations between adults and children, which leads to the formation of a new social situation of development, consisting in the formation of joint activities of adults and children, which becomes a subject. In the course of joint activity, socially developed ways of using the subjects are mastered - the adult teaches the child the correct application of the surrounding subjects, explains their purpose and application.
The development of the social sphere in a child at an early age is a scheme "Child - subject - adult". The object for the child is the most important one. Observing a child's play, one can see how he or she continuously looks at the subject that has attracted his or her attention. It even seems that the child has no need for anything and no one else, and his or her attention is focused only on this subject. But this is not the case, because without an adult baby is unable to understand how to use the items.
The motive of the joint activity is the object itself, the way of its application - this activity becomes a subject. Communication of the child becomes a form of organization of the subject activity - an explanation of the correctness of the use of the subject. Intensive development of communication takes on a speech form, as the mastery of the subject with the help of emotions is not an effect.
Thinking, speech, memory and perception develop at an early age. This process is characterized by verbalization of cognitive processes and the beginning of their arbitrariness. Perceptual actions, correlative actions, sensory standards determine the development of perception.
The knowledge of the surrounding world begins to develop actively from the year. To make an action, the baby under two years old, uses different options, and in 1.5-2 years, with the help of guesswork - insight, solves the problem - the baby suddenly solves the problem, avoiding mistakes. In the second year of life there is a change in the perception of the baby. Having mastered the ability to influence one subject on another, he is able to predict the result of the situation. Thus, the baby anticipates the possibility to drag the ball through the hole, to move the object with the help of another.
In the development of perception at the end of the period of early age, the baby is formed thinking activity. The child demonstrates the ability to generalize, the ability to transfer the acquired experience from the initial conditions to new ones, the ability to establish a connection between objects in the process of experimentation, the ability to remember them and use them in solving problems.
By the end of the first year of life, the visually effective thinking remains the basic one for up to four years. To begin with, the child demonstrates revulsion and emphasizes color and form, so the color and size of the object is the primary focus of the child's attention when grouping objects.
At the age of two, he is able to highlight objects based on significant and insignificant features, and at the age of two and a half he accentuates objects based on significant features - shape, size and color.
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