Content
Introduction
1. Memory types
1.1 Dividing the memory by the time the material is stored
1.2 Memory types by type of mental activity
Conclusions
Introduction
One of the most amazing properties of the human mind is a memory. This unique ability is related to thinking, consciousness, and perception of the world around us. Memory is the process of capturing, preserving and reproducing the traces of experience. It makes it possible to maintain constant trends in inappropriate behavior for long periods and, to some extent, to predict behavior for the future.
Different types of memory: motor, emotional, figurative, verbal - logical - were sometimes considered as stages of such development. We will focus on the characteristics of individual types of memory.
1. Types of memory
There are different ways to classify memory.
1.1 Dividing the memory by the time the material is stored
In this case, they allocate sensory or instantaneous, short-term and long-term memory, and sometimes an intermediate variant - the operative one.
Instant memory is the first stage of processing the information coming from outside, it is formed passively, with its help the body for a very short time keeps a fairly accurate and complete picture of the world, perceived by the senses. The volume of instantaneous memory is much larger than short-term memory. Iconic memory is, in fact, a visual picture that has been preserved for some time. Such a trace dies out faster than a person has time to name all the stimuli presented to him.
Short-term memory is a memory in which the preservation of the material is limited, as a rule, to a short period.
Information about an external object gets from instantaneous memory to short-term memory. Short-term memory is characterized by very short retention after a single, very short perception and immediate reproduction.
The role of short-term memory is to generalize, schematize the received information, through which this information is stored for a long time. The role of short-term memory is not limited to this. It is its properties that are revealed at the moment of making decisions, because here there is a direct comparison of information coming from outside and from long-term memory, and a decision is made about the correctness of the hypothesis put forward on the basis of information obtained and accumulated during learning.
The limited amount of short-term memory serves as an additional stimulus for generalization of information. The more generalized information comes from long-term memory, the more it can fit into short-term memory and the more complex the decision a person can make.
The constant generalization of information in the shortest memory and the generalization of concepts coming into it from long-term memory leads to the fact that the capacity of operational units and the operational field of short-term memory as it was expanding as learning progresses.
Long-term memory ensures the long-term preservation of knowledge and skills and contains a huge amount of information that a person may need throughout his or her life.
Long-term memory involves several forms of knowledge organization simultaneously. It is often compared to the book depository of a large library, where access to folios opens a correctly selected catalog code. It is believed that the size of long-term memory is almost unlimited. Despite these valuable qualities of long-term storage, people often do not have access to the knowledge stored there when they need it. The availability of information is determined to a large extent by the organization of storage. In contrast to short-term memory, where memory is not required, it is always necessary to remember it in case of long-term memory, because the information related to perception is no longer in the sphere of the current consciousness. The use of long-term memory often requires a lot of willful effort to remember.
Information stored in memory is linked by invisible threads, associations, so that information whose contents allow us to identify the largest number of associations and information stored in the memory structure is more quickly identified and remembered. Any concept that enters a long-term storage facility necessarily activates the whole system of other concepts close to the former. Association relations are determined not only by the frequency of coincidence but also by their emotional significance and relevance.
The main feature of long-term memory, however, is the inaccessibility of arbitrary reading of the information stored in it. At the same time, there are cases, though not frequent, when individual persons have properties of storage and use of unusually large amount of information. Here we are talking about cases of phenomenal memory.
to be continued in the next part https://zen.yandex.ru/media/id/5d930ba634808200b0df0351/the-types-of-memory-their-psychological-characteristics-are-essays-part-2-5d94729f79c26e00af410e1d