Political Ideology
Political ideology is a complex of ideas, a system of views on power, state structure and methods of their regulation, considered as a form of integration of political consciousness at the level of group, class, nation and inter national interests.
Napoleon called ideology chatter, thus giving the term a sharp negative meaning to empty ideological speculation, which has nothing concrete under it.
К. Marx: Ideology - ideas rooted in class interests.
К. Mannheim: Ideology is a kind of false consciousness that plays a role of a stabilizing, protective factor in relation to reality; on the contrary, utopia is the
orientation of consciousness that goes into action and tries to blow up the current order of things.
- Basic ideologies of modernity:
- o Liberalism. It was formed in the 17th-19th centuries. The founders are T. Jefferson, A. Smith and others. The essence of the ideas is in the maximum individual freedom of man. This is the dominant current in the world.
- o Conservatism. It appeared in the 18th century. Founders - E. Burke et al. He stands for a strong state, capable of supporting the centuries-old order of things. The main values are nation, religion, family, property.
- o Communism, which originated in ancient times. The aim is to build a classless society, to destroy private property by revolutionary means. Now communists are in power in China, DPRK, Vietnam, Laos and Cuba.
There are also such ideologies as democratic, nationalism, fascism and anarchism.
Russia is a secular democratic state in which the constitution legitimizes the prohibition of a single state ideology. However, modern Russian reformers are trying to lead Russia along the Western liberal-democratic path of development, which is hampered by the mentality (etatism, paternalism) of Russians.
Parties of various ideological directions are represented in the State Duma:
a. Liberal: Yabloko, SPS, Democratic Party of Russia.
b. Socialist: "CPRF", "RCPF".
c. Nationalist: "RNU", "Motherland".
d. The ruling party is United Russia.
Their program does not define the leading ideology, it is the so-called common sense ideology. In reality, however, it hesitates between conservatism and liberalism.
Undoubtedly, Russia needs an idea that can mobilize all resources, a common vector of this path - the development of society on the basis of the revival of the spirituality of humanism.
The concept of political culture.
Political culture is a set of elements and phenomena of consciousness, culture as a whole, political behavior that characterize the peculiarities of formation and functioning of the state and political institutions, which ensure the reproduction of political life of the society and political process.
- One can single out the following approaches to the study of political culture:
- o -Psychological (political culture - a system of beliefs, beliefs and feelings that give order and importance to the political process.
- o - Behavioural (focus on the activity approach; political culture - style of human behavior as a subject of political relations; (С. Verba)
- o -institutional (identify political culture with a political institution, political culture - a special type of orientation on political action reflecting the specifics of each political system) (H. Almond)
- o - Values (political culture is an important institution of political decision making, a set of values and behaviours affecting the relationship between government and citizens) (E. Vyatr).
Almond distinguished 3 types of political culture:
- o "parish": political roles are not separated from religious and social roles;
- o "citizen": political roles are still passive, but are already separated;
- o "Participative": the culture of participation, i.e. the citizen is the main political subject.
Participation of citizens, i.e., the participatory culture in Russia is manifested only in the elections of some authorities. Russia is mainly characterized by a national culture, which is typical for this country:
- o Poorly developed individuality, low status of personal claims to political participation;
- A predisposition to conformism, gullibility and mobility of principles;
- o Subdannic attitude to any center of real power;
- o Ideologization of thinking, irreconcilability to any non-traditional views;
- Low competence in managing the affairs of society and the state;
- o Legal nihilism;
- o Underdevelopment of civil positions.