One of the main links in the modern market economy is a commercial bank. Banks have appeared quite a long time ago. Initially, they only served as depositories, but then the number of their operations and the number of functions assigned to them increased. The development of the banking system characterizes the development of society as a whole. At the present stage, their importance has increased, which can be seen in the impact of the global financial crisis. That is why this topic is topical. The development of the country's economy is directly related to the development of the banking sector. If there are problems in the banking sector, these problems will affect the economy of the country as a whole.
The object of the coursework is a commercial bank as an intermediary in the modern market economy. The subject of the study is the role of a commercial bank in the economy of the country.
The purpose of the study is to determine the place of a commercial bank in the Russian Federation, the problems and prospects for the development of a modern banking system. Realization of this goal is possible only through the following specific tasks:
- to follow the process of formation of the banking system;
- Define the functions of a commercial bank in a market economy;
- to determine the composition of active and passive operations performed by a commercial bank at the current stage of development;
- to analyze the dynamics of the banking system development in the Russian Federation;
- to identify the main problems and prospects facing commercial banks at this stage of development.
1. ECONOMIC ESSENCE AND FUNCTIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE ECONOMY
1.1 Emergence of commercial banks. Historical aspect
Banks are an amazing invention of mankind and an indispensable attribute of the commodity-money economy. Their history goes back centuries, and the sphere of activity knows neither geographical nor national borders. The beginning of the circulation of monetary value can also be considered the beginning of banking activity. A lot of books are written about banks and banking activities. Historians say that the first banks appeared long before the manufactory stage of capitalism, in the period of formation of the state at the stage of quite lively development of commodity exchange, monetary and credit relations.
In the period of the origin of the first states in the Ancient East (the third millennium BC), it is typical to use the most important socially significant objects of consumption (cattle, grain, fur, leather, etc.) as money. Commodity money had high transportability, relative safety for a long time, relatively low maintenance costs. Gradually, they are beginning to play a role as a daily means of circulation. Place of preservation of commodity money became cult constructions, temples. Temples were especially important because they were the insurance fund of communities and states.
The stability of the temple economy served as an important condition for the maintenance of money circulation. It contributed to the strengthening and constant carrying out of monetary operation by temples - preservation of commodity money. Natural spoilage, decline in quality, forced renewal of commodity money led to the assignment of the function of regulation of money circulation (cash operations) to the temple economy. The performance of this function by the temples required additional monetary operations - accounting and settlement operations. Difficulties related to the imperfection of the types of universal equivalents forced to periodically replace some equivalents with others, which are characterized by clearer weight characteristics. Metals had undoubted advantages as universal equivalents. Gradually, silver and gold were distinguished, which had additional qualities: portability, rarity, and resistance to the external environment. The displacement of commodity money contributed to the consolidation of a new operation - the exchange operation.
In the framework of the temple economy, along with the free storage of property and money, the operations of the state and temple warehouses for paid storage began to be carried out. At the same time, temples are directly involved in providing loans. The expansion of lending operations has enabled them to buy and sell land plots, collect taxes and manage state property.
The developed traditions to trust money resources to temples extend not only in the Ancient East, but actively adopt in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, and then - in medieval Europe.
Since VII century B.C. there was a gradual liquidation of monopoly of temples on realization of monetary operations ancient states began to carry out independent stamping of a metal coin. Standardization and monetization of money circulation became the prerogative of the states. Minting of money contributed to the development of trade relations between the countries.
To be continued the next part.