The human psyche is complex and diverse. Since ancient times philosophers tried to penetrate its depths. Previously, psychologists believed that a person has only consciousness, and he is subject to all his actions. According to the representatives of classical psychology, consciousness determines the motivation, desires, and actions of a person. Ancient philosophers tried to explain where dreams come from and what they mean. With the spread of literacy, people wondered why a person makes reservations and misstatements.
The question was also raised - how does one automate movements?
There was an assumption about some areas outside the consciousness, which contains everything that people were looking for, asking the above questions. Consciousness is inaccessible to the consciousness, they coexist separately, as if in the neighborhood. A person in consciousness often does not guess about the desires and thoughts stored in the unconscious. That is why the unconscious remained unnoticed for so long. The unconscious can only be analyzed by a psychological method called psychoanalysis. The founder of this method is the great Viennese psychiatrist Z. Freud (1856-1939). He was the first in science to develop the idea that consciousness is not the only link in a person's psyche that defines his behavior and activity. He put forward and proved the scientific hypothesis that, apart from consciousness, there are unconscious and pre-conscious things that have a strong influence on human life and behavior.
Modern psychoanalysis helps to understand and reveal the secret sides of a person, as he reveals the unconscious and allows to find there the root cause of all the problems of the person. In the general plan, the psyche of the person is represented by Z. Freud divided into two opposing spheres of conscious and unconscious which represent essential characteristics of the person. Conscious Z. Freud calls "the representation that exists in our consciousness, and which we perceive as such, and argue that this is the only meaning of the term "conscious". The origin of the conscious owes its origin to the unconscious and is built over it in the process of mental development. Therefore, according to Freud, consciousness is not the essence of the psyche, but only such a quality of the psyche that joins or does not join its other qualities.
What was unconscious for Z. Freud?
We consider the movement from consciousness to be the most correct one to understand the unconscious as it was understood by Z. Freud. That is, let's take a mental element, for example, a representation, which is realized by us at a given moment in time. It is known that in a short period we will lose any consciousness of this idea. We receive that the considered mental element has passed to an unconscious state. But when we reproduce the conditions under which the notion was conscious, we will return it to the field of consciousness. Then, at the moment when the idea was unconscious, it was unconscious. Z. Freud called this kind of unconscious - pre-conscious, which can comprehend. He also singled out the superseded unconscious, which in itself is not capable of realization. However, Freud himself discovered the unconscious in the process of studying the nature and causes of neuroses. He was faced with the need to investigate an area of the human psyche that had remained beyond the scope of previous psychology. As a result, he concluded that the human psyche was a conglomerate of various components that were not only conscious but also unconscious and pre-conscious. For further discussion of the unconscious phenomenon in Freud's teachings, it is necessary to consider his personality model as a combination of three elements. The first element of the model is "It". It is a deep layer of unconscious desires, the basis of the individual's activity, which is guided only by the "principle of pleasure". It is worth noting that this component of the model is completely indifferent to social reality and can act contrary to it. The second element is "I". It is a sphere of consciousness, an intermediary between "It" and numerous natural and social institutions and the outside world as a whole. Here the activity of the first element, "it", is measured against the "principle of reality", expediency and external necessity. The third element is "Upper Self". This element contains an intra-personal conscience, psychic censorship, which is an intermediary between the "I" and "It" because of the insolubility of the conflict between them, the inability of the "I" to take control of unconscious impulses and subordinate them to the requirements of the "principle of reality". It is worth noting that the first and third elements of the model relate to the unconscious mind. Regarding the first element, we understand that this is the unconscious one, which includes unconscious processes of automatism, as well as drives that often run counter to social norms and therefore meet resistance on the way to realization in the outside world.