Introduction of working control.
As it is known, the first stage of transformation of the industry into the general property was the introduction of the working control, "Polozhenie" which is developed by V.I.Lenin and approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on November 1917. The operating food enterprises have arrived under the daily supervision of local councils of the working control. The socialist nationalization of the industry which has begun after that at first was spent concerning the largest industrial enterprises, and in branches of the food-processing industry began to be carried out since the second half of 1918 and in the first half of 1919. During this period, sugar and butter factories, tobacco and confectionery factories and steam mills were nationalized. All of them have become a part of the created uniform body of management of the national economy - VSNKh (Supreme Soviet of National Economy). The fish industry and slaughterhouses were transferred to the local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Food. In 1919, by the circular of the All-Union Scientific and Agricultural Society, the enterprises of the food industry - distillery, vodka, brewery, and other factories - were also registered. This brought order to the matter of preservation of national property.
- The Party and the government paid a great deal of attention to the state industry as the main command height in the struggle to resolve the problem of "who" in favor of socialism, for the restriction and displacement of capitalist elements, for the victory of the socialist sector in the economy of the country to
- The transition to the socialist offensive on the rails of the new economic policy aimed at establishing a link between the socialist economy and the multi-million-dollar individual peasants' economy was accompanied, in the interests of the expansion of trade turnover, by some deployment of private trade and the permission for small private industrialists to organize production at small enterprises owned or leased by the state, not belonging to the leading, decisive industries.
- It was a period of coexistence in the national economy of the Soviet country of various socio-economic patterns, ranging from the patriarchal, ie, largely natural economy, and ending with the socialist. The country couldn't and shouldn't have socialized everything, up to small trade. Decrees of July 7 and December 10, 1921, stopped further nationalization of small and artisanal enterprises and allowed their organization by private capital. Along with it the inactive small factories and factories were rented out.
The basic sphere of the appendix of the private capital were the branches working on the wide consumer market where the big means were not required and where capitals turned faster, - food, leather, woodworking, etc. The share of the private sector in the gross output of the whole censure industry in 1924-1925 was 2.5%. In the food industry private capital occupied 12,2% in the volume of gross production in these years. In the hands of private entrepreneurs, there were small enterprises of such branches as flour milling, brewing, confectionery, frozen, starchy and molasses. Occupying considerable specific weight on the number of enterprises, the private capital played a small role in the volume of gross output. The steady process of industrialization of the country and the transition of agriculture to the path of collectivization was accompanied by a consistent displacement of capitalist elements from the economy (Table 1).
The share of the private sector in the food industry.
Years:
- 1924/25
- 1925/26
- 1926/27
- 1927/28
- 1928/29
- 1929/30
By the number of establishments:
- 26,8
- 24,7
- 17,4
- 10,0
- 3,4
- 0,8
By the number of workers:
- 10,3
- 8,9
- 4,8
- 1,9
- 0,4
- 0,1
By gross output:
- 12,2
- 10,0
- 4,5
- 1,7
- 0,5
- 0,1
By 1930, the share of the private sector in the food industry as a whole had fallen to 0.8% in terms of the number of enterprises, and in terms of gross output to 0.1%, the socialist system of the economy had prevailed. During the recovery period, food industry enterprises were present in all sectors of the national economy: state, cooperative (consumer, industrial and agricultural cooperation), and until 1929 - also in the private sector. But also the state food enterprises were dispersed and were under the control of the All-Union National Economy and People's Commissariats (People's Commissariat of Trade, People's Commissariat, People's Commissariat of Land, etc.).Throughout all the recovery period the country was not able to allocate sufficient funds to improve the technical base of the food industry, agriculture was experiencing great difficulties and the food industry in 1928 did not reach the level of 1913, while the entire industry of the USSR as a whole exceeded by this period the level of 1913 by 32% 2. But even in these difficult conditions in some branches of the food industry, there was considerable growth in production. Thin, the sugar industry reached the level of pre-revolutionary sugar production in 1927, the fish catch was in 1928. 83% of pre-revolutionary one, vegetable oil production was at the level close to 1913. Production of canned oil was 108%, and pasta - 156% of the output in 1913. Years of pre-war five-years-old are the era of huge transformations in the economy of the Soviet country. In a short historical period, the country has transformed from an agrarian, backward, sprawling, low-margin, individual peasant economy into an industrial power based on a powerful socialist industry and collective-activated agriculture. The first phase of communism - a socialist society - was built.