The credit system in the broad sense of the word is a set of banking and other credit institutions, legal forms of organization and methods of credit operations. Further development of credit and banks is manifested in the deployment, expansion, socialization of financial and credit institutions, the emergence of new tasks and functions of the credit system. At the stage of its formation, the credit system played the role of ousting old-fashioned moneylenders. It was formed, firstly, by creating credit money and, secondly, by increasing the attraction of free cash capital of enterprises, the state and the population .
The credit-banking system in the market economy is two-level and includes the national Bank of the Republic of Belarus and commercial banks of various types.
The national Bank of the Republic of Belarus - the Central Bank of the Republic of Belarus, is owned by the Republic of Belarus and acts exclusively in the interests of the Republic of Belarus. The national Bank of the Republic of Belarus regulates monetary circulation, has the exclusive right to issue money and carries out other activities to regulate monetary relations in the Republic of Belarus. The national Bank of the Republic of Belarus is accountable to the Parliament of the Republic of Belarus. The national Bank is a legal entity and has the right to carry out banking activities. The main objectives of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus as the Central governing body are: monetary regulation of the economic system of the Republic of Belarus; support for the General economic policy of the Government of the Republic of Belarus; ensuring the stability of the official monetary unit of the Republic of Belarus.
The national Bank of the Republic of Belarus is a single centralized organization consisting of structural units of the Central office and structural units in the regional centers of the Republic of Belarus and the city of Minsk. The powers of the structural units of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus are established in the regulations approved by the Board of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus.
The Board of Directors of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus takes the following decisions: a) on the regulation of the credit market; b) changes of interest rates of the National Bank; C) the regulation of the currency market; d) on the rules of export of foreign currency; d) the work of the departments of the National Bank in the market of cash foreign currency; e) to issue banknotes of new design of commemorative coins, coins of precious metals, banknotes as the object of collecting and hoarding, the withdrawal of individual banknotes and coins, the reserve funds of banknotes and coins, organization of their issue; g) the establishment, reorganization and liquidation of enterprises, institutions and organizations of the National Bank; h) of state registration and liquidation of banks, credit, financial and other institutions engaged in banking operations; C) purchase real estate to support the activities, but the national Bank, its enterprises, institutions and organizations; K) on the issuance of securities of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus; l) to provide to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus, local Executive and administrative authorities loans secured debt; m) on the receipt of debt obligations from the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Belarus; h) on the conclusion of contracts for the production of banknotes and coins; o) on the order of disposal of reserve funds. Commercial banks are legal entities established in a certain organizational and legal form and having the exclusive right to carry out activities on their behalf in accordance with the procedure established by law to raise funds for deposits (deposits), placing these funds on their behalf and at their own expense on the terms of repayment, payment, urgency, closure and maintenance of Bank accounts of individuals and legal entities.
The organizational structure of banks is due to its production functions, because the organizational structure of Bank management is built in such a way as to perform the tasks facing them with maximum efficiency. A larger Bank offers a wider range of services to its customers. The size of the Bank is the determining, but not the only factor in the construction of the organizational structure of the Bank. State regulation of banks is also of great importance for the formation of needs and diverse organizational structure of credit institutions. By world standards, the banks of the Republic of Belarus are very small. The total amount of assets of the entire banking system of the Republic of Belarus is not even equal to the average Bank of the Russian Federation. At the same time, the organizational structure of the banking sector of the Republic of Belarus is based on the scheme of banking institutions of the European community.
Banks of the Republic of Belarus offer customers all kinds of services. The impact of Bank size on organizational governance is roughly the same worldwide. Medium and small banks of the Republic of Belarus, like hundreds of banks in other countries serving small and medium-sized enterprises, are most concerned about attracting inexpensive deposits from individuals and buying resources in the interbank market of credit resources. The range of active operations of such banks is limited, as a rule, to the provision of loans to small and medium-sized businesses, consumer credit to the population.
Service operations provided to customers of the Bank are usually controlled by an accountant, cashier and internal auditor working in the Bank. General control is exercised by the Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Bank, responsible for the work of the credit, Deposit and accounting departments of the Bank. Employees of these departments are accountable to the Deputy Chairman of the Board of the Bank, who, in turn, is responsible to the Chairman of the Board of the Bank. The Chairman of the management Board is responsible for long-term planning of the Bank's development and assistance to the heads of various services of the Bank in solving the most acute problems. Senior management, in turn, periodically reports to the Board of Directors of the Bank by the governing body of the Bank. The Board of Directors of a commercial Bank is a Committee selected by the Bank's shareholders to develop the Bank's policy and monitor its activities.
Large banks have an absolute advantage over small and medium-sized ones, as they serve numerous and different markets, offering clients a variety of financial services. Their activities are more diversified both graphically and in terms of the range of services provided, which reduces the overall level of risk in an unstable economy.
Large banks of the Republic of Belarus, such as JSCB "Priorbank", JSCB" Agroprombank", are least dependent on the well-being of their clients, and most of their income is received by servicing interstate operations of state economic entities, including state management bodies. These banks have an undeniable advantage - they mobilize significant financial capital at relatively low costs. Such banks are better suited to the development of banking activities outside the Republic of Belarus, as they have a higher ability to take the risk of developing new markets, and have greater access to world capital. Thus, commercial banks are credit institutions that provide credit and settlement services to industrial, commercial and other enterprises, organizations, as well as citizens. They attract their monetary resources in the form of deposits, deposits or loans received on the terms of payment for these borrowed resources and, in addition, commercial banks use their own funds.