Stairs in buildings are used for vertical connection of rooms at different levels. The location, the number of stairs in the building and their size depend on the adopted architectural and planning decisions, number of storeys, the intensity of the flow of people, as well as fire safety requirements.
By appointment distinguish stairs:
main or main - for daily use, for communication between floors and evacuation
auxiliary-spare, designed to communicate with the attic and basement
emergency-for emergency evacuation of people
firefighters - for external access to floors, attic, roof during a fire
entrance - to enter the building, usually arranged in the form of a wide entrance area with steps
The location in the building are distinguished: internal stairs for General use, located in stairwells or open in the front lobbies - the lobbies of public buildings; inside, serving for connection of premises within the same apartment when placing it in multiple levels, and outdoor.
Stairs consist of inclined elements-flights of stairs with steps and horizontal platforms, of which some are at floor level-floor platforms, and others - between floors - intermediate or interfloor platforms. Depending on the number of marches within the floor stairs are divided into one-, two-, three - and four-March. There are also stairs with crisscrossing marches, with run-up steps, spiral stairs.
Slope stair March called the ratio of height to the horizontal projection of the March or laying. Width of March consider distance from a wall to a protection of a ladder or distance between two protections.
Windows
Windows are arranged for lighting and ventilation (ventilation) of premises and consist of window openings, frames or boxes and filling the openings, called window bindings.
The main requirements for the Windows that must be observed in their design and construction - to pass light into the room in accordance with the required degree of illumination. Windows are external protection; therefore, at their design it is necessary to consider the same requirements which are imposed to external walls, i.e. heat-protective qualities, breathability (blowing) etc.
In multi-storey buildings window and door openings are located on the surface of the walls above each other on the same axis. In this case the load transferred to external walls is perceived by piers. In frame buildings at hinged walls Windows and doors in partitions can be located differently.
Window sizes prescribed in accordance with the regulatory requirements of natural light, architectural composition, one-time savings and operating costs.
Windows are wooden, aluminum and plastic.
Wooden Windows of buildings of mass construction mainly carry out from standard designs of window blocks with translucent filling from silicate glass or double-glazed Windows.
Aluminum profiles are made of a three-component alloy-aluminum, which gives lightness; magnesium, which increases the strength of the alloy, and silicon, which enhances the casting properties.
Plastic Windows have a three-chamber design that provides high heat and sound insulation. Plastic (PVC) - thermoplastic, flammable artificial polyvinyl chloride material obtained from natural raw materials: salt and oil.