Floors in residential and public buildings must meet the requirements of strength and resistance to wear, sufficient elasticity and quietness, convenience of cleaning. The design of the floor depends on the purpose and nature of the premises where it is arranged.
Floors arrange on bearing elements of ceilings or on the ground.
Floors on the ground are performed in basements, in some rooms of the first floors, mainly in public buildings (lobbies, gyms, etc.), and are also possible for use in the first floors of low-rise residential buildings.
Depending on the destination premises floors should meet the following basic requirements: to be durable, i.e. good resistance to various mechanical influences, do not bend under the loads to be anti-slip and silent when walking on them, to provide the necessary sound insulation ceiling in General, have low heat absorption, not provide dust and easy to clean. Floors should be beautiful, waterproof. The design of floors depends on the type of overlap and is determined by the project.
Arrange floors on a ground or on interfloor overlappings. The floor structure consists of a number of layers, each of which has a functional purpose. The top layer is the floor covering. According to the coating material is called and the whole floor.
Interlayer - the layer that binds the coating to the underlying layer or serves as an elastic base for the coating. As a layer applied mastics, paper, cardboard or glassine paper, fibreboard, synthetic adhesives. For leveling the surface having a screed of cement-sand mortar, asphalt, light concrete etc.
The underlying layer in the thickness of 80-100 mm (limy-crushed stone, slag, gravel, Adobe) arrange on a ground, it serves for distribution of loading on the basis. At the raised loadings do a concrete underlying layer and if it is required, reinforce it.
To protect the floor from groundwater, as well as to protect the base of the floor (ground or floor) from water in the room (showers, bathrooms, etc.), serves as a waterproofing layer.
The heat-insulating layer arrange on overlapping, on border of the heated and unheated room (over a cellar or under a loggia). It can be made of fiberboard, light or cellular concrete slabs or loose insulation (slag, expanded clay).
Sound insulation layer is made of calcined sand, light concrete, etc., as well as in the form of an air layer.
Monolithic floors or seamless, are cement on a concrete base, terrazole upper layer (20-25 mm of cement mortar with marble chips), xylolite covers (a mixture of caustic magnesia, an aqueous solution of magnesium chloride and sawdust with a total thickness of 25 mm) mastic self-leveling the screed of cement-sand mortar.
Piece floors - tiled (ceramic, synthetic materials), mosaic carpet mosaic.
Plank floors on a design divide on one-and two-layer. A single layer of the sliced grooved boards with a thickness of 29 mm, a dual layer of diagonal planed plank flooring (25 mm) and a flooring of planed tongue-and-groove boards (22 mm). Fibreboard floors are more economical than boards, their thickness is 35-50 mm.
Parquet floors are made of small (12-17 mm) boards (rivets) on a concrete or plank base, on thick paper to eliminate creaking floors when walking. Depending on the relative location of the riveting parquet floor can be different pattern (eg, "in the tree", "in the square"). Wood is used solid species (oak, beech, etc.).
Floors from parquet boards and type-setting (mosaic) parquet are less labor-consuming. The piece and panel parquet are the best floors for premises.
By design, the floors are divided into monolithic, piece and roll materials.
Flooring natural stone (cold) perform in the lobbies of public buildings, shops, hotels, etc. is Used as a hard stone (granite, basalt, etc.) and less strong (limestone, Sandstone, marble). Marble floors are mosaic and breccia plates. Mosaic marble floors are recruited from waste products, arranged in accordance with the pattern. Pieces connect a solution.