Прежде чем говорить об относительных местоимениях (relative pronouns), стоит прочитать статью об определительных придаточных предложениях. Именно в построении этих предложений используются местоимения.
1 В ограничительных определительных придаточных предложениях (defining relative clause) можно использовать:
- who или that - если речь идет о людях
I'm going to a talk to be given by an athlete who/that appeared in a TV commercial for running shoes.
Men who/that migrated in order to make a living were often prepared to accept any available work.
- which или that - если речь идет о вещах
The event which/that Toby Young describes was intended to advertise his latest book.
Migrants often had to accept jobs (which/that) local people refused to do.
Относительное местоимение можно опустить, когда оно выполняет функцию дополнения, как во втором примере про Toby Young. Его нельзя убрать, если местоимение выполняет функцию подлежащего, как в первом примере про атлета.
2 В распространительных определительных придаточных предложениях (non-defining relative clause) можно использовать:
- who - если речь идет о людях
Gary Phillips, who set up his advertising agency ten years ago, has become very successful.
Matthews, who published a number of articles in the 1950s, suggested that birds navigate by the sun.
- which - если речь идет о вещах
At yesterday's meeting, which was arranged to discuss the current campaign, the manufacturers agreed to extend their contract with the advertising agency.
At yesterday's meeting, which focused on the labour shortage in the city, it was decided to advertise for workers abroad.
- which - если речь идет о целой ситуации
In one particular commercial, a man washes his hands in car oil, which is intended to imply that the oil is also good for car engines.
It has been observed that birds follow the major roads when flying, which suggests that they can adapt their method of navigating.
3 Whose
Whose используется, когда речь идет о людях (реже, о вещах).
Our next speaker is Sharon Cooper, whose book on the history of advertising was published last year.
A commercial whose strength lies in humour is more likely to be remembered than a more straightforward one.
'The life of birds' is by David Attenborough, whose TV nature programmes were watched by millions.
4 Whom
Whom обычно используется в более формальном контексте. Оно может выполнять функцию дополнения в придаточном предложении или стоять после местоимения.
The group whom the government wishes to protect from the effects of advertising is children.
To whom it may concern: Stephanie Allen has been employed at this advertising agency since September 2003.
The woman whom migrants returned home to marry often had to move to a new country with their husbands.
5 Where, when, why
Эти слова могут быть использованы вместо относительных местоимений после определенных существительных. Иногда возможно убрать when и why в ограничительных определительных придаточных предложениях (defining relative clause), как в примерах ниже:
The launch of a new product is the time (when) you see if all your hard work has been successful.
The brilliant advertising campaign for these running shoes is the reason (why) sales have rocketed.
The early twentieth century was the time (when) the first Italians moved to Guelph.
The lack of job opportunities in southern Italy was one reason (why) many men emigrated.
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Дополнительные материалы:
1. Advanced Grammar: обстоятельственное придаточное предложение
2. Грамматика для IELTS Writing
4. Advanced Grammar: настоящие времена
5. Advanced Grammar: прошедшие времен
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P.S. При подготовке данной статьи использован учебник Cambridge English Objective IELTS, Michael Black & Wendy Sharp