Age related macular degeneration This patient likely has age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of blindness in industrialized countries. AMD occurs in genetically predisposed individuals as a result of advancing age and environmental factors (eg, smoking) and is classified into dry and wet subtypes. Dry AMD is characterized by gradual vision loss in one or both eyes and can cause difficulty with driving/reading. The condition likely results from chronic oxidative damage to the...

Используем гугл-переводчик. Another Look at Schizophrenia Its Controversial Discovery The idea that schizophrenia spectrum disorders are based on an underlying biological cause that has yet to be discovered is known as the disease model, also called the medical model. As we now know, the discovery of schizophrenia and the estimate that it is a biological brain disorder, can be traced to Kraepelin and Bleuler. In this section the terms dementia praecox and schizophrenia will be used interchangeably. When Kraepelin and Bleuler were developing their disease model they were unaware that probably a...