Биология и география на английском языке (контент на английском языке, поэтому показывается только подписчикам).

Nutrition and digestion Nutrition is a process which helps the organism to get substances and energy. The Sun is the source of energy of most organisms. Solar energy gets into the body as heat and light. Plants synthesize nutrients in their cells with the help of chlorophills. Plants can get nutrients from the soil and from the air. In the soil the root absorbs water and mineral substances and moves them into the leaves. The leaves use carbon dioxide for nutrition. The green pigments, chlorophills, are in the chloroplasts in the leaves...

Mobility All living organisms move. · Bacteria, single-celled algae move with the help of flagellum. · Protozoa. Amoeba moves with the help of pseudopodia. Paramecium moves with the help of cilia. · Multicellular animals move with the help of muscles. The earthworm moves when the muscles contract: the segments get longer and shorter; the body gets thicker and thinner. Fish move with the help of tail fin. Dolphins and cachalots use their tails to move up and down in water. Some animals move when they react...

Metabolism Metabolism is exchange of substances and energy between the organism and the environment. Plants get water, mineral salts, carbon dioxide and oxygen from the soil; animals get proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water, mineral salts and oxygen from the environment. At the same time plants and animals excrete waste products into the environment. When the substances get inside the organism, they change. E.g. the green plant cells use sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and then – into starch, cellulose, proteins, fats and other substances...

Russia Vocabulary Area-Площадь Length, extent-Протяженность Mainland, continent-Материк The Arctic circle-Северный полярный круг Eurasia-Евразия Extreme point-Крайняя точка Boundary, border-Граница Cape-Мыс To wash (to be washed)-Омывать (ся) Strait-Пролив The Atlantic ocean-Атлантический океан Island-Остров The Pacific ocean-Тихий океан Spit-Коса The Arctic ocean-Северный Ледовитый океан Peninsula-Полуостров Size-размер Coast-берег GDP (Gross Domestic Product)-ВВП (Внутренний Валовый Продукт) population-население Russia is the largest country in the world with 9 time zones...

Bacteria. Vocabulary Bacteria (Plural)-Бактерии To provide nutrients to plants-Снабжать растения питательными веществами Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria-Цианобактерии, усваивающие азот Disease-causing-Болезнетворный, патогенный Archaebacteria-Архибактерии Underground-Под землей To be alike in ...-Быть схожими в Protein synthesis-Синтез протеина Appearance-Внешний вид An infolding of the plasma membrane-Впячивания цитоплазматической мембраны To differ in ...-Различаться A light microscope-Световой микроскоп Metabolism-Обмен веществ A flagellum (Pl...

The cell. Prokaryote. Vocabulary A cell- Клетка A plasma membrane- Плазматическая мембрана Cellular-Клеточный DNA-ДНК A living creature-Живое существо Cytoplasm-Цитоплазма A mammal-Млекопитающее A theory-Теория An insect-Насекомое A nucleus-Ядро To consist of...-Состоять из A plasmid-Плазмид An organism-Организм A chromosome-Хромосома To perform-Осуществлять A ribosome-Рибосома to be similar in ...-Быть схожим в .. A nucleoid-Нуклид A respect-параметр A biofilm-Скопление клеток To reproduce-Размножаться A community-Сообщество There are many living creatures on our planet...

Irritability. Orientation. Organisms and the environment are closely interconnected. Changes in the environment influence the biosphere. The reaction of the organism to the changes in the environment is called irritability or sensibility. Multicellular organisms have a nervous and endocrine system which coordinates the connection of the organism with the environment. Nervous cells groups together to form the nervous system. A reflex is the response impulse to irritation. Reflexes can be instinctive (basic) and trained...

Growth and development of plants Individual development is a process during which the organism changes from the moment the egg is fertilized till the end of its life. The development of the organism begins when the egg is fertilized and the zygote is formed. When the zygote undergoes multiple division, an embryo is formed. The embryo is in the seed. The seed is in the ovary. The seed gave the name to the group of flowers – seed-bearing flowers (angiosperms). Only flowering plants form seeds in ovaries and only seeds make fruits...

Growth and development of animals When the sperm fertilizes the egg, a zygote is formed. The zygote undergoes multiple cell division (the number of cells grows but the cells get smaller) in mitosis which ends in formation of an embryo. So there are a lot of small cells but the size of the embryo doesn’t change. This stage is called cleavage. The result of cleavage is formation of a blastula: a ball of cells with a cavity. The next stage is gastrulation. During this stage the embryo forms the second layer of cells...

Excretion Excretion is a process during which the organism gets rid of useless substances: water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, urea and others. Protozoa (single-celled animals) excrete substances through cell membranes. Amoebas and paramecium use the contractive vacuole to get rid of water. Multicellular animals use excretory canals (flatworms), kidneys (vertebrates). Kidneys are used to excrete fluid waste (urine). Blood leaves useless products of metabolism in the kidneys which turn into urine...

Circulation Circulation is a process during which the substances move in the body of an organism. Single-celled organisms use cytoplasm which moves from one part of the organism to another and brings the nutrients to different parts of the organism. Multicellular organisms use cell walls between the cells to transport water and mineral substances from one cell to another. Plants use conductive tissues to transfer nutrients. The tissues make a vascular system in the shoots, roots, flowers and fruits...

There are many biogeographic realms on Earth. A biogeographic realm is a big geographic territory where you can find certain plants and animals. The biogeographic realms are subdivided into biomes: · Marshland · Tropical rain forest · Temperate forest · Taiga (northern coniferous forests) · Savanna · Shrubland · Grassland · Mountains · Ice cover · Open ocean · Deserts · Tundra (arctic and alpine) A biome is a small area on the continent with certain biotic and climatic conditions. The...