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ТЕСТ 5
… is Statute Law
· Case Law
· Judge-made Law
· Parliament-made Law
… law is based on precedents, that is the judicial decisions from previous cases, rather than law based on constitutions, statutes, or regulations
case
… of law are the materials and processes out of which law is developed
· Practices
· Codes
· Sources
…, statutes, case law and regulations are issued by government institutions
Constitution
Arrange the following legal acts chronologically:
1 The Norman conquest
2 The legal reforms of King Henry II 3 Magna Carta
4 The Habeas Corpus Act 5 The Bill of Rights
1 2 3 4 5
It is not correct that laws can come from such sources as …
· constitutions
· statutes
· regulations
· police officers
Law is made up of formulated legislation, including constitutions, statutes, treaties, … and codes; rules of law announced by the courts in deciding cases
· ordinances
· applications
· acts
Match the given countries to the corresponding law systems:
A. Italy
B. England
C. Nigeria
D. Civil Law
E. Religious Law
F. Customary Law
A – D, B – E, C – F
Precedent is basically …
· the judge needs to follow another Judges decision
· if the cases are similar, the judgements should be similar
· difficult to understand
Religion and language are two examples of … conditions that influence international business
· political and legal
· cultural and social
· geographic
· economic
Sources of law are the origins of laws, the binding rules that enable any state to govern its territory. The term "source of law" may sometimes refer to the sovereign or to the seat of power from which the law derives its validity. Do sources of law vary in legal systems?
What is the hierarchy of the sources of law? What are the categories of these sources? Choose the correct answer.
· Sources of law vary in different legal systems. For instance, Russia is a civil law country. There are primary and secondary sources. They are: the Constitution, Federal constitutional laws, Federal laws, Decrees of the President
· Sources of law are the same in different legal systems. For instance, Russia is a civil law country. There are primary and secondary sources. They are: the Constitution, Federal constitutional laws, Federal laws, Decrees of the President
· Sources of law vary in different legal systems. For instance, Russia is a common law country. There are primary and secondary sources. They are: the Constitution, Federal constitutional laws, Federal laws, Decrees of the President
The … law theory argues that some rules objectively existing in the nature also are source of law, while legal positivism argues that only the rules made by sovereignty can be the source of law
natural
The body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions is … law
common
The branch of government that has the power to enforce laws in the country is the …
Executive
The common law legal system is one which revolves around the principle of … which means ‘let the decision stand’
· stare decisis
· dura lex
· binding doctrine
· reasonable man
The concept of crime is considered in … law
· Civil
· Criminal
· Legal
· Administrative
The established pattern of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting is called …
custom
The process or product of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating law by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body is called …
legislation
The rule of … is the political philosophy that all citizens and institutions within a country, state, or community are accountable to
· law
· doctrine
· order
· sphere
The term “law” denotes the body of rules and regulations that is the product of the … process
lawmaking
What is important to note is that the four major legal systems of the world today consist of civil law, common law, … law and religious law
customary
ТЕСТ 6
According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the Universal Declaration of … is the most translated document in the world
Human Rights
Arrange the documents chronologically:
1 The Cyrus Cylinder 2 The Magna Carta
3 The Petition of Rights
4 The US Declaration of Independence
1 2 3 4
Efforts in the 19th century to prohibit the … and to limit the horrors of war are prime examples to establish human rights
· slave trade
· poverty
· social injustice
For the first time in history, the issue of the protection of the minorities was raised by …
· League of Nations
· United Nations
· Amnesty International
Match the following acts with their purposes:
A. The UN Charter
B. The US Constitution
C. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951
D. bolster international peace and preventing conflict
E. important guarantees about rights and freedoms for certain groups excluding women’s rights
F. prevent and prohibit specific abuses like torture and genocide and to protect especially vulnerable populations, such as refugees
A – D, B – E, C – F
On October 24, 1945, in the aftermath of World War II, the … came into being as an intergovernmental organization, with the purpose of saving future generations from the devastation of international conflict
United Nations
Rules of law that aspire to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal, and social abuses are called human …
rights
Stacy and several Black friends went to a café after school. They were having their lunch and laughing. Things started to change for the worse between their group and several White students sitting at another table. Food was thrown and the groups exchanged angry remarks. When the restaurant staff asked Stacy and her friends to leave the café, they felt angry and discriminated against. Did the café staff violate the group's human rights?
Advise the café staff
· The café staff violated the group’s human rights. If the students behaved in the same manner, the café staff should have asked both groups to leave the café. Otherwise, it is a racial discrimination that is defined as any discrimination against any individual on the basis of their skin color, or racial or ethnic origin
· The café staff didn’t violate the group’s human rights. It’s the café staff’s decision and they can choose who might stay in the café. So, it was right. No racial discrimination observed
· The café staff violated the group’s human rights. If the students behaved in the same manner, the café staff should have asked both groups to leave the café. Anyway, it is not a racial discrimination
The basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death are called … rights
human
The belief that all human beings possess rights and freedoms, simply because they are human, was spread…
· in the aftermath of the Second World War
· in the aftermath of the First World War
· after the French Revolution
The Charter of the United Nations established six principal bodies, including the General …, the Security Council, the International Court of Justice, and in relation to human rights, an Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
Assembly
The first English Bill of Rights contained such rights as … (choose 2 correct answers)
· free elections
· freedom of thought
· freedom of choice
· freedom of speech
The first English Bill of Rights was established in …
· 1669
· 1679
· 1689
· 1699
The Great Charter was so important because it laid out the principle that everybody, …, was subject to the law
· including royalty
· excluding royalty
· excluding nobles
The idea of human rights emerged stronger after the … World War
Second
The role of the International Labor Organization was to …
· punish for wrongful acts
· create the system of checks and balances
· oversee treaties protecting workers with respect to their rights
The roots of rights and freedoms lie …
· in the written and oral traditions of many cultures
· in the Acts
· only in the oral traditions
The UN Commission on Human Rights proceeded a treaty – the International … on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) including its optional protocol
covenant
The United States Constitution of 1791 contained a … that remains in effect today
· Bill of Rights
· Bill of Freedoms
· Bill of Actions
The Universal … of Human Rights is the most universal human rights document in existence, delineating the thirty fundamental rights that form the basis for a democratic society
Declaration
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was formally adopted by the … on December 10, 1948
United Nations
ТЕСТ 7
… regarded the mixed constitution as the best arrangement of offices in the polis
· The Stoics
· Johne Locke
· Aristotle
A … government is one whose powers have been adapted to the interests of its people and to the maintenance of individual liberty
constitutional
A … is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue
referendum
A constitutional … is a government in which the people vote for representatives or laws, and in which the laws are authorized and constrained by a constitution
democracy
A formal and organized choice by vote of a person for a political office or other position is called an…
election
Aristotle called people …
· natural slaves
· free people
· society
Arrange modern constitutions chronologically (consider the date of their adoption):
1 Constitution of Norway 2 Constitution of Italy
3 Constitution of France 4 Constitution of Russia 5 Constitution of Belarus
1 2 3 4 5
English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke in the 17th century and the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in the 18th contributed to the theory of … contract
social
Match the words with the synonyms:
A. Disclosure
B. Constitutionality
C. Representation
D. Division
E. Referendum
F. discovery
G. due process
H. delegation
I. separation
J. election
A – F, B – G, C – H, D – I, E – J
Roman law added to Aristotelian notions of constitutionalism … (choose 2 correct answers)
· a generalized equality
· a universal wisdom
· a hierarchy of types of laws
· a generalized equity
Roman law generally recognized …
· a basic equity among all humans
· an inequality among all humans
· a basic equality among all humans
Social … theory says that people live together in society in accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of behavior
contact
States that have a written … may also have a body of traditional or customary practices that may or may not be considered to be of constitutional standing
· Constitution
· Policy
· law
The … of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America
constitution
The basic law of the state, which describes the structures and processes of government and the fundamental rights of citizens in a higher law that cannot be unilaterally changed by an ordinary legislative act is called the …
constitution
The Constitution is …
· the body of doctrines and practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of a political state
· a written or printed paper that gives information about or proof of something
· the restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power by subordinating it to well-defined and established laws
The Constitution is the supreme law of the country. Imagine if you were asked to create you student groups’ Constitution. What would it contain?
· The preamble and amendments to protect the rights of the citizens. It will list the rights and freedoms of man and citizen such as freedom of walking, press, assembly, media freedom
· The preamble, articles, and amendments to protect the rights of the citizens. It will list the rights and freedoms of man and citizen such as freedom of speech, press, assembly, media freedom
· The preamble, articles, and amendments to protect the rights of the citizens. It will list the rights and freedoms of man and citizen such as freedom of playing video games, press, assembly, media freedom
The following types of constitutions are distinguished: …
· oral and written
· written and unwritten
· new and old
The Romans conceived of the all-encompassing … law of nature as the eternal framework to which constitutions, laws, and policies should conform – the constitution of the universe
· Rational
· Irrational
· Generalized
The Stoics argued, all humans are endowed by nature with a spark of … by means of which they can perceive a universal natural law that governs all the world and can bring their behaviour into harmony with it
· reason
· wisdom
· fortune
· justice
The theoretical foundations of modern … were laid down in the great works on the social contract
constitutionalism
ТЕСТ 8
A … is a type of offense punishable under criminal law by less than 12 months in jail
· felony
· misdemeanor
· murder
According to the specialists, the current level of drug addiction is …
· critical
· moderate
· low
Arrange the following drug control treaties chronologically according to the date of their entry in force:
1 the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs
2 the Convention on psychotropic substances 3 the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
4 the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 5 the Convention on the Rights of the Child
1 2 3 4 5
Distributing a drug is …
· not a crime
· a drug-related offence
· a drug-found offence
Drug abuse and … are associated with drug-related crimes
· addiction
· murder
· crimes
Drug-related crimes consist of crimes to possess, …, or distribute drugs classified as having a potential for abuse
manufacture
If a dealer from Austria sells drugs to a buyer from the USA, it is called drug …
· robbery
· trafficking
· smuggling
In case people use chemicals or distribute them, they might be prosecuted by the government and sent to …
jail
In US law, a … is a crime punishable by a term of imprisonment of not less than one year or by the death penalty
felony
It is not correct that … factors are contributing to the difficulty in measuring drug-crime relationships
· cultural
· personal
· economic
· political
· psychological
It’s obvious that drug … and drinking can also lead to violent behavior that is not reported and never makes it into the criminal justice system
abuse
Many countries are affected by … addiction today
· virus drug
· virus alcohol
· junk food
Match the words with their synonyms:
A. Intoxication
B. Felon
C. Treatment
D. Substance
E. drunkenness
F. drug offender
G. therapy
H. matter
A – E, B – F, C – G, D – H
Medications or pharmaceuticals are also … and are regulated differently dependent on their level of health risk
drugs
One of the most significant acts in the area of drug trafficking is the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances concluded at … in 1988.
Vienna
Study the following case: The defendant, having voluntarily consumed drugs, had the illusion of descending to the centre of the earth and being attacked by snakes. In his attempt to fight off these reptiles he struck the victim two blows on the head causing injuries to her brain. He claimed to have had no knowledge of what he was doing and no intention to harm her. What was the court’s decision?
· His defence of intoxication was rejected at his trial and he was convicted of unlawful act manslaughter
· His defence of intoxication was accepted at his trial and he was released
· The defence was partial. And he was released on bail
The first international treaty to control substances was adopted at the Brussels Conference in … in the context of the regulations against slave trade
1890
The general trend concerning the narcotic drugs is that the main indicators of mortality fall to … people
· aged
· young
· middle-aged
The most effective anti-drug strategy that includes monitoring, detection and sorting, pursuit and apprehension is …
interdiction
There is a complex interconnection among drugs, alcohol, violence, and … behavior
criminal
Under “biography” is meant each region of distribution of narcotic drugs has its own…
· drug dealers
· police trafficking organizations
· specific development
