Ключи к упражнениям.
Keys to the exercises.
Lexical and grammar exercises.
Ex. 1. A
Keys:
a. to create / to design something
b. to give teaching / practice
c. to enlarge, to make longer
d. to give birth to something or somebody / to come into the world by birth
e. to come or go into something / to become a member of / begin or open something
f. to bring in or forward / to bring into use or operation / to cause somebody to be acquainted with something
g. to stretch out / to extend / to get to / to go as far as / to pass
h. put or bring forward / to manufacture or make / to grow
i. to find out / to get acknowledged / to bring to view / to realize
j. to get done / to complete / to reach by effort / to do anything successfully
k. to set working / to give somebody instructions / to give secret knowledge
l. to join / to overcome
m. to become faster / to cause to happen earlier / to increase the speed of…
n. to ask for / to serve a purpose by doing something to concentrate one’s thoughts / to make practical use
o. to introduce new thing / to make changers / to put into practice
p. to travel into or through (the country, etc.) for the purpose of learning about it / to examine thoroughly in order to test
( значения слов даны в алфавитном порядке)
Ex. 1. B
Ex. 2.A.
Key:
1) verb; - to create something
2) noun; - something invented
3) noun; - a person (man or woman) who has invented something
4) noun; - a woman who has invented something
5) adjective; - able to invent
6) noun; - ability to invent something
7) noun; - detailed list of something
Ex. 2. B.
Keys:
1. inventors
2. invented
1. inventive
2. inventiveness
3. inventress
4. invented
5. inventory
6. invented
Ex. 3. A.
Keys:
1 – C
2 – A
3 – D
4 – B
Ex. 3. B.
Key:
To develop –a development, a developer –developing, developed
To devise – a device, a deviser – devising, devised
To apply – an appliance – applied, applying
To contrive – a contrivance, a contriver – contriving, contrived
Ex. 4. A.
Ex. 4.B
Ex. 4.C.
Keys:
1. scientific and technological revolution
2. complex cybernetic machine
3. nuclear energy
4. highly efficient producing processes
5. mighty power and nuclear industries
6. automatic production lines
7. major mineral deposits
8. the law of nature
Ex.4. D
Keys:.
A) to bear a new idea
B) to make a discovery
C) to introduce an invention
D) to enter space
E) to reach out to the other planet
F) to create a machine
G) to make nuclear energy work for the man
H) to extend our knowledge
I) to train highly efficient specialists
J) to bridge the gap between theory and practice
K) to accelerate the process of applying scientific innovation in industry
L) to initiate laser technology
Ex.5.
Key:
1) inventions
2) exploration
3) created
4) operate
5) discovered
6) achieved
7) reached out
8) put into operation
Ex. 6.
Key:
Discover-radio-operate-elexploration-nature-efficient-technological
Ex 7.
Key:
4. Develop, device, determine, invent, industrial, exploration, discover, recover, revolution, reconstruction.
Ex. 8.
Key:
Laws of nature
Scientific and technological revolution
Complex cybernetic machine
Nuclear energy
Highly efficient producing processes
Mighty power and nuclear industries
Automobile producing lines
Ex. 9.
Key:
1. was introduced, is known
2. was established
3. was pioneered
4. used
5. was invented
Ex. 10.
Keys:
1 - unbelievable
2 - advances
3 - accurate
4 - fundamentally
5 - influence
6 - instantaneously
7 - made available
8 - long-term
9 - sequential
10- passed over
Ex. 11.
Key:
1. Science is important to world peace and understanding, to the understanding of technology, and understanding of the world.
2. A lot of scientific researches have improved life for people.
3. The problem of supplying the world with enough energy is the most important scientific problem for the mankind.
4. Many of the things that make our life easier and better are the results of advances in technology.
5. Technology will affect us even more in the future that it does now.
6. The study of science provides people with understanding of natural worlds.
7. Scientists are studying various aspects of human biology and the origin and development of the human race.
8. The study of the natural world may help to improve life for many people all over the word.
9. A basic knowledge of science is essential for everyone.
10. Scientific knowledge helps people to find their way in the changing world.
Ex. 12.
Key:
Pierre Curie, a great physicist
On April 19, 1906, the scientists of all countries were shocked at the news of Pierre Curie having become the victim of road accident. Since then the importance of Curie’s discoveries has grown to an immeasurable extent, his findings having been included in all physics text books throughout the world. They are known to have become the foundation for several branches of industry and, first and foremost, the atomic industry. This is why scientists and public opinion as a whole both in the Soviet Union and throughout the world honour the memory of this remarkable French scientist.
Pierre Curie, the son of a doctor of moderate means, was born on May 15, 1859. His father, who took interest in natural sciences, exercised a great influence on the choice of his son’s future career. At the age of 18 the talented youth started work as a laboratory assistant at the Sorbonne University. In 1895 he was already a well known scientist with a doctor’s degree. It was then that he married his colleague Marie Sclodowska, who was to become his scientific associate. Their joint work in the study of radioactivity which led to the discovery of radium is widely known all the world over. In 1904 they were both awarded the Nobel prize which was at that time the highest scientific recognition.
Pierre Curie’s principal work was in the fields of electricity, magnetism and radioactivity, his first studies being on physics of crystals and on piezoelectricity. At the time his remarkable discoveries in this branch of science were made, the very term “physics of crystals” was yet unknown. Pierre Curie established a direct connection between the symmetry of crystals and their physical properties, which resulted in the discovery of piezoelectric properties of crystals. This discovery opened a way to an extremely wide field of technique and enabled scientists to transform mechanical forces into electrical ones and vice versa. Underwater and atmospheric sound emitters are now based on piezoelectrical transformer.
Soviet scientists have achieved great success in this field, the application of ultra-waves for the detector of flaws in metals and the work on a new piezoelectric material – titanate of barium – being of particular interest.
The joint work of Pierre Curie and his wife Marie Sclodowska in the field of radioactivity has now led to the discovery of methods for using atomic energy for peaceful purposes. This is the great service the two scientists have rendered to science and mankind as a whole.
Listening and reading exercises.
Ex. 1 A.
Key:
1. Archimedes
2. Isaak Newton
3. James Watt
4. Blaze Pascal
5. Alexander Graham Bell
6. Michael Faraday
7. Marie Curie
8. Albert Einstein
Ex. 1. B.
Short Texts for Listening.
Michael Faraday
There are electric motors in most household appliances, from cassette players to washing machines. The design of all these motors is based on the principles discovered more than 150 years ago by Michael Faraday, the greatest of all English experimental physicist. First learning about science from an encyclopedia, Faraday was lucky enough to become an apprentice to the noted English chemist Humphry Davy (1778-1829).
Scientists at the time had just realized how to produce electricity, and were looking for ways of applying it. Faraday’s discoveries were perfectly timed to exploit this new power.
Marie Curie
Holish0born physicist Marie Curie and her French husband Pierre are famous for their work on radioactivity. They were inspired by the work of French physicist Henry Becquerel (1852-1908). Marie Curie was the first to use the term ‘radioactive’ for substances that have considerable electromagnetic activity. She also isolated two new radioactive elements, polonium and radium. After Pierre’s she took over his job as professor of physics at the University of Paris, the first woman to teach there.
She continued her research, looking for medical uses for radioactivity.
She was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903 and for chemistry in 1911.
Isaac Newton
The English physicist and mathematician Isaac Newton was one of the great scientists of all time. His theories revolutionized scientific thinking and laid the foundations of modern physics. His book ‘Principia Mathematica’ is one of the most important works in the history of modern science.
Newtondiscovered the law of gravity, and developed the three laws of motion that are still in use today.
He was the first person to split white light into colors of the spectrum, and his research into light led him to design a reflecting telescope.
Newtonwas also one of the pioneers of a new branch of mathematics called calculus.
Archimedes
The Greek mathematician Archimedes was the father of geometry. He discovered the value of pi, which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. Pi is used to calculate the volume of cylinders and spheres.
Archimedes then looked for ways of measuring the volume and mass of irregular
objects. Eventually ,he discovered the principle of displacement: that an object put wholly or partly into water loses weight equal to the weight to water it displaces.
One method of lifting water is known as the Archimedes' screw because it is thought that he invented it.
James Watt
The Scottish inventor James Watt improved the design of the early steam engine, ensuring that it could be used successfully throughout industry.
He refined the steam engine designed by the English engineer Thomas Newcomen (1663-1729) and made it more efficient. Watt's work helped to bring about the industrial revolution in Britain.
The new Watt steam engines provided much of the power for Britain's industries during the 1800s.
The watt(W), the unit of work or power, is named for James Watt. The power of most electrical devices, such as light bulbs and heaters, is rated in watts.
Blaise Pascal
The Frenchman Blaise Pascal was a brilliant mathematician and religious thinker. He was the founder of the modern theory of probability (an expression of the likelihood of something happening).
Following work on barometers by Italian scientists Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and Evangelista Torricelli (1608-47), Pascal made a mercury barometer and measured atmospheric pressure.
He formulated Pascal's principle: in a liquid or gas, pressure applied to one point is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid.
He invented the first digital calculator, but it was too costly to make and was never used.
Alexander Graham Bell
The inventor of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell, was born in Scotland, where he studied voice production and hearing. He later moved to America, where he combined this work with an investigation into the transmission of sound by electricity.
Bell managed to transmit his voice electrically in 1875, patenting his idea the next year.
He formed the Bell Telephone Company in 1877, as part of a legal fight to protect his patent.
He used some of the profits from his invention of the telephone to finance special schools for the deaf.
Bell carried on inventing for the rest of his life, designing hydrofoils to make ships faster and kites capable of lifting people.
Albert Einstein
The work of German-born mathematician and physicist Albert Einstein has made him one of the most famous scientists in history. He overturned many of the long-established ideas of the English physicist Isaac Newton (1642-1727), by introducing revolutionary new theories about the nature of time, space, energy, and gravity. Einstein became a U.S. citizen in 1940.
He opposed war - but ironically his theories were eventually used to produce nuclear bombs,
the most destructive weapons known to humanity. Einstein saw many of his theories confirmed during his lifetime, and others were proved after his death.
Ex. 1. B.
Ex. 3. A.
Ex. 3. B.
Key:
Mikhail Lomonosov
Mikhail Lomonosov was born in1711 in the family of a fisherman in the northern coast village of Denisovka not far from Archangelsk. When he was 10 years of age his father began to take him sea fishing. The dangerous life of a fisherman taught him to observe the natural phenomena more closely. During the long winter nights young Lomonosov studied his letters, grammar and arithmetic diligently.
Been the son of a peasant, he was effused admission to the local school. After some years, through concealing his peasant origin, he gained admission to the Slavonic-Greek- Latin Academy and for years lived a hand-to-mouth existence on three kopecks a day. The noblemen’s sons studying with him made fun of the twenty-year-old giant who, in spite of the jeers and his own poverty, made rapid progress.
After five years came the chance of entering the Academy of science, as there were not enough noble-born students to fill the quota. His ability and diligence attracted the attention of the professors and as one of three best students he was sent abroad. He spent all the time there studying the works of leading European scientists in chemistry, metallurgy, mining and mathematics. On his return to Russia in 1745 he was made a professor and was the first Russian scientist to become the member of the Academy of Sciences.
For versatility Lomonosov has no equal in Russian science. Many of his ideas and discoveries only won recognition in the 19th century. He was the first to discover the vegetable origin of coal, for instance, and as a poet and scientist he played a great role in the formation of the Russian literature language, eliminating distortions and unnecessary foreign words. He died in 1765. His living memorial is the Moscow University, which he founded in 1755.
4. A. The story about V.V. Petrov.
V. V. Petrov (1761 – 1834) was the follower of Lomonosov in studying electricity in our country. He deserved the right to be called a pioneer of the world electrical engineering.
An actual member of the Petersburg Academy of Science and professor of the Medical Academy of Surgery, he was always in the course of all the achievements of the world scientific through, he mastered its most progressive ideas and contributed much to the cause of science. His good knowledge of Latin, English, French and German greatly helped him in doing this.
Petrov’s investigations on the nature of the luminosity of bodies which is called luminescence are widely known. This problem occupied the minds of the progressive scientists tending to devine its nature during many centuries.
Having carried on many experiments and tests on luminescence, Petrov published a great number of articles on this subject. According to Academician Vavilov’s conclusion he succeeded in dividing the two conceptions: luminescence and semiluminescence. The range of his scientific interests was extremely wide. For example, he carried out an extensive work, practically proving Lavoisier’s theory of oxygen and, besides, studied the oxidation of various bodies.
Up to the 90-ties of the 18-th century it was only immovable distribution of electrical charges in bodies that was known. In 1791 Luigi Galvani discovered the electrical current, i. e., the motion of electrical charges through conductors. Galvani was succeeded by Volta who carried out a good deal of investigations in the field of Galvanic electricity. In 1800 Volta constructed an apparatus known to everybody at present as the voltanic pile.
Petrov’s attention was immediately drawn to the first generator of electric current and and he built a gigantic voltaic pile of his own. Having constructed the generator of Galvani electricity of unusual size, the Russian investigator was able to make many discoveries of great importance. Petrov’s book (1802) in which he clearly described his battery made him an innovator in his field of science and enabled everybody to make a battery and to carry on experiments with it.
Only electrical sparks jumping between two electrodes were known before Petrove’s time. In 1802 something entirely different was discovered by him, namely – the permanent flame, setting up between two char-coals under current. He pointed out the possibility of using the electric arc lighting. Three years before the famous Londonvoltaic pile was constructed his own one having 100 Galvanic couples more than that presented by Davy.
The electric arc discovered by Petrov became later the first source of electric lighting put to service. Another Russian innovator F. Yablochkov used this idea in his electrical lighting known abroad under the name of the “Russian Light”.
Petrov was the first to discover the possibility of getting metals out of ores by means of electricity. The very fact of these discoveries gives the right to call Petrov a pioneer of modern electrical engineering and electrical metallurgy.
Ex. 7.
Key:
A. Popov was born in 1858. By the time he graduated from the Petersburg University in 1883he had already possessed a broad knowledge of electrical theory as well as a wide experience in that field.
Working both as scientist and teacher, he always carried on some practical work, solving many practical problems such as the introduction electricity into the Navy and others. Popov was one of the first to pay attention to the works of Herts who proved by experiments the existence of electromagnetic waves.
After many experiments carried our together with his assistant Ribkin the device they constructed began receiving electromagnetic waves at a long distance.
By means of his receiver Popov could detect the waves at a distance of some metres and then kilometers. Thus he connected his first receiver to the first antenna.
On April 25, 1895 Alexander Popov demonstrated his device at the Russian Physico-Chemical Society.
In summer 1895, Popov’s invention was successfully tested and in the same year attached to the device an apparatus previously used for recording telegrams over the wire telegraph.
In the following year his receiver was used at the electric power station in Nizhny Novgorod for warning about approaching thunderstorm. In the same year he demonstrated the transmission of words over a wireless telegraph.
In this way the future wireless communication between the continents was been prepared. The year 1998 witnessed a new important invention made by Popov together with his assistants Ribkin and Troitsky, namely the reception of audible signals by means of a receiver.
Popov was offered immense profits from commercial use of his invention in case he leaves Russia. But the Russian patriot refused the wealth offered to him, preferring to stay in his native country.
The tsarist government did nothing to provide the training of specialists for the newly born branch of science and engineering. Neither was home production of devices for wireless telegraphy organized in Russia. Instead it was handed over to foreign companies.
At the end of 905 police was sent to the Petersburg Electrotechnical Institute, where Popov was elected director. On December 31, 1905, the great inventor died at the age of 47.
By 1914, the beginning of the First World War , the results of Popov’s work had been concentrated in foreing hands. Even the supply of the Russian army with radio devices depended upon a German concern in Berlin.
Ex. 8.
Key:
Are these statements true or false?
1) Atomic research was conducted in Russiain 1830s. (F)
I. Kurchatov with his father B. Kurchatov led the works of fast particles capable of inducing a nuclear reaction. (F)
2) I Kurchatov launched Europe’s first cyclotron at the Radio Institute. (T)
3) Igor Kurchatov made a discovery in the isomerism of artificial radio-active nuclei.(T)
4) The main, the most important objective to release the power of atomic nucleus was solved by the American scientists. (F)
I. Kurchatov discovered a way of protecting ships from mines. (F)
5) The war was drawing to close in 1944 and I.Kurchatov was already dreaming of using the atom to make the victory of our people nearer. (F)
6) In 1956 he was accompanied by the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union L. Brezhnev on his visit of peace and friendship to Britain.(F)