Практическая часть 2. Продолжение.
Развитие и совершенствование навыков говорения на базе текста.
Аудирование и чтение.
Part 2.
Listening and Reading.
1. A. What is the difference between two words “invention” and “discovery”?
The difference between “invention” and “discovery” is not as clear as one might think. A discovery can be as simple as observation of a previously unnoticed phenomenon, while an invention is a human-devised machine, tool, or apparatus that did not previously exist. For example, ancient people discovered that drops of water and certain gemstones distorted light in a predictable way. However, it was not until medieval times that others tried to reproduce this effect by applying new glass-shaping technology to the formation of lenses – the basic elements of spectacles, microscopes, telescopes, and cameras. Similarly, people knew about and studied electricity as a force of nature for thousands of years, but it was the technological leap of mass- producing electricity and delivering it to homes and factories in the early 20th century that transformed the world.
1. B. Choose the most interesting information and put it into two columns.
An invention A discovery
1. In 1535 Polish astronomer Copernicus suggested that the Earth revolves around the Sun.
2. In 1628 William Harvey, the English doctor, studied circulation of blood.
3. On 21st of November 1783, the Montgolfier brothers flew in the first hot-air balloon, in Paris.
4. Jacques Gamerin made the first jump with a parachute in 1797 in France.
5. On 17th of December, 1903, Orville Write made the first flight in airplane. He was in the air for 12 seconds.
6. Richard Trevithick, an Englishman, built the first steam-powered locomotive in 1804.
7. About 1820 Michael Faraday began his electrical researches of the motion of a wire carrying a current in the field of a magnet.
8. On 13th of November 1907, Paul Cornu made the first flight in a helicopter. He was in the air for 20 seconds.
9. In 1936 Y. Frenkel proposed the first theory of nuclear fission.
10. In 1939 the Soviet physicist D. Ivanenko advanced his nuclear theory of the atom.
2. A. Do you know these people?
1. B. Listen to the short stories about these people and match them to the photos. What are they famous for?
2. A. Do you know the words?
influence(s)
has been influenced
to increase
rapid
the energy of…
to domesticate
to pass somebody’s knowledge to…
the printing press
steam as a source of power
a source of energy
means of communication
wireless communication
APS (Atom Power Station)
electricity supply network
B. You will read a story about historical development of the world. Find out the most important events of scientific achievements. What is unusual in the author’s point of view?
From Fire to Atom.
Today we see the world in which social, industrial and even political order has been greatly influenced by science. The development of science during the past hundred years has increased man’s knowledge of nature so greatly that it influences of human life.
This development has been very rapid if we consider man’s long history.
Man has probably lived on the Earth for more than 2, 000, 000 years. Let us imagine the whole period of his life on the earth compressed into one century, that is, let us imagine that man began history about a hundred years ago.
On this scale, it took him 99 years ( 20 thousand years) to learn how to use the energy of fire and how to use clay for making pots, to domesticate animals and to be able to make the simplest clothes for himself.
By the middle of the hundredth year (10 thousand years ago), writing was invented, and it became possible for man to pass his knowledge to the people living after him.
1,5 month ago art, and literature, and early science appeared in Greece.
The printing-press is just 10 days old (460 years), and modern experimental science began just a week ago (380 years ago).
Only about four days ago , two men at different points of the earth, Ivan Polzunov in Russia and James Watt in England, began thinking of steam as a source of power, and two days later, the steam power was already used in railroad trains and ships.
A few days ago man only dreamed of electricity as a source of energy and means of communication, while about 1,5 days ago (in 1895) Alexander Popov successfully solved the problem of wireless communication. And exactly 12 hours ago (in 1959), the Soviet Sputnik televised back the earth photographs of the other side of the moon. It is 14 hours since, on June 26, 1954 the first APS in the world was connected to the Moscow electricity supply network.
On April 12, 1961, about 11 hours ago, Yuri Gagarin flew into space. Just about 11 hours ago, by a hundred years’ scale!
The early 1970s (about 6 hours ago) saw the beginning of mass introduction of larger integrated circuits, also called ships and microcomputers. This period was called the “second computer revolution”. And it’s just not more than a few moments since, on March 6, 1986, the Russian space station “Vega” took close-range picture of the head of Halley’s comet.
If we think of man’s history compressed into one century, we can clearly see that civilized man, though he has made many bad mistakes, is only “a child”. We can see that our modern world is very young, and the possibilities for material and social development are very great indeed.
(By Fomin L.I. and Veize A.A. ”Selected stories”, М., Просвещение, 1989 )
2. D. Compare your table with your classmate’s one. Who has got more information?
2. E. Agree or disagree to the statements. Prove your point of view.
a) Science is the level of knowledge which the nation has achieved.
b) The development of science has increased the level of people’s knowledge.
c) Science was born in the epoch of feudalism.
d) The first energy that man used was the energy of the Sun.
e) Writing made it possible to pass people knowledge to the other generations.
3. A. New inventions are appearing every day to make our life easier, longer, warmer, and speedier and so on. But only a few inventors design a new machine or product that becomes so well-known that the invention, named after its creator, becomes a household word. Here are ten famous inventors and their inventions named after them.
Study the information from the table. Is everything right?
1. B. Correct the information in the table. Don’t forget to use speech patterns such as
1. as for me…
2. in my opinion
3. to my mind
4. I’m sure…
5. as far as I know
6. as far as I remember
7. it seems to me
etc.
1. A. Russian scientists paid a great contribution to the development of the world science. You will listen to the story about one of them but to understand it better pay attention to the following words.
1) phenomena ( pl. from phenomenon)
2) a peasant
3) admission
4) to conceal one’s origin
5) to gain
6) Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy
7) to live a hand-to-mouth
8) to fill the quota
9) for versatility
10) to win recognition
явления
крестьянин
допуск в учебное заведение
скрыть своё происхождение
получить что-либо
славянская Греко-латинская академия
сводить концы с концами
набрать нужное количество
количество открытий
получить признание
3. B. Listen to the story about one of the greatest Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov. And unswer the questions.
1) What kind of family was he born in?
2) What kind of childhood did he have?
3) What kind of life did he have during his studies?
4) Why was he able to enter the Academy of Science?
5) What role did Lomonosov play in development of Russian science?
4. A. Read the story about V.V. Petrov. Fill in the gaps with the words below.
The follower, was known , attention , occupied, experiments, the achievements, various bodies, a pioneer, knowledge, electrodes , luminescence, the possibility.
V. V. Petrov (1761 – 1834) was … of Lomonosov in studying electricity in our country. He deserved the right to be called … of the world electrical engineering.
An actual member of the Petersburg Academy of Science and professor of the Medical Academy of Surgery, he was always in the course of all … of the world scientific through, he mastered its most progressive ideas and contributed much to the cause of science. His good … of Latin, English, French and German greatly helped him in doing this.
Petrov’s investigations on the nature of the luminosity of bodies which is called … are widely known. This problem … the minds of the progressive scientists tending to devine its nature during many centuries.
Having carried on many … and tests on luminescence, Petrov published a great number of articles on this subject. According to Academician Vavilov’s conclusion he succeeded in dividing the two conceptions: luminescence and semi luminescence. The range of his scientific interests was extremely wide. For example, he carried out an extensive work, practically proving Lavoisier’s theory of oxygen and, besides, studied the oxidation of… .
Up to the 90-ties of the 18-th century it was only immovable distribution of electrical charges in bodies that… . In 1791 Luigi Galvani discovered the electrical current, i. e., the motion of electrical charges through conductors. Galvani was succeeded by Volta who carried out a good deal of investigations in the field of Galvanic electricity. In 1800 Volta constructed an apparatus known to everybody at present as the voltanic pile.
Petrov’s … was immediately drawn to the first generator of electric current and and he built a gigantic voltaic pile of his own. Having constructed the generator of Galvani electricity of unusual size, the Russian investigator was able to make many discoveries of great importance. Petrov’s book (1802) in which he clearly described his battery made him an innovator in his field of science and enabled everybody to make a battery and to carry on experiments with it.
Only electrical sparks jumping between two … were known before Petrove’s time. In 1802 something entirely different was discovered by him, namely – the permanent flame, setting up between two char-coals under current. He pointed out the possibility of using the electric arc lighting. Three years before the famous London voltaic pile was constructed his own one having 100 Galvanic couples more than that presented by Davy.
The electric arc discovered by Petrov became later the first source of electric lighting put to service. Another Russian innovator F. Yablochkov used this idea in his electrical lighting known abroad under the name of the “Russian Light”.
Petrov was the first to discover … of getting metals out of ores by means of electricity. The very fact of these discoveries gives the right to call Petrov a pioneer of modern electrical engineering and electrical metallurgy.
B. Answer the questions.
1. What scientific problems did V.V. Petrov study?
2. How did he accelerate the works by L. Galvani?
3. Who and when discovered the voltaic pile?
4. What was done by V.V.Petrov in 1802?
5. Who of the Russian inventors used Petrov’s idears?
C. What new facts have you learnt about his life and work?
5. Comment on the following statement by M.Lomonosov “…Russia can produce her own Platos and quick-witted Newtons…”
What do you think of it?
6. Explain your attitude to the sayings:
1) “The job of science is to serve people.”( By Leo Tolstoy)
2) “The only good is knowledge, and the only evil is ignorance” (By Diogenes)
7. A. You are sure to know about inventor of the radio A.S.Popov. There are some facts about his life and work. If you put these parts of the story to the right order, you will learn some more interesting facts about him.
After many experiments carried our together with his assistant Ribkin the device they constructed began receiving electromagnetic waves at a long distance.
***
In the following year his receiver was used at the electric power station in Nizhny Novgorod for warning about approaching thunderstorm. In the same year he demonstrated the transmission of words over a wireless telegraph.
***
In summer 1895, Popov’s invention was successfully tested and in the same year attached to the device an apparatus previously used for recording telegrams over the wire telegraph.
***
In this way the future wireless communication between the continents was been prepared. The year 1998 witnessed a new important invention made by Popov together with his assistants Ribkin and Troitsky, namely the reception of audible signals by means of a receiver.
***
A. Popov was born in 1858. By the time he graduated from the
Petersburg University in 1883he had already possessed a broad knowledge of electrical theory as well as a wide experience in that field.
***
By means of his receiver Popov could detect the waves at a distance of some metres and then kilometers. Thus he connected his first receiver to the first antenna.
On April 25, 1895 Alexander Popov demonstrated his device at the Russian Physico-Chemical Society.
***
9Popov was offered immense profits from commercial use of his invention in case he leaves Russia. But the Russian patriot refused the wealth offered to him, preferring to stay in his native country.
***
By 1914, the beginning of the First World War , the results of Popov’s work had been concentrated in foreing hands. Even the supply of the Russian army with radio devices depended upon a German concern in Berlin.
***
The tsarist government did nothing to provide the training of specialists for the newly born branch of science and engineering. Neither was home production of devices for wireless telegraphy organized in Russia. Instead it was handed over to foreign companies.
***
Working both as scientist and teacher, he always carried on some practical work, solving many practical problems such as the introduction electricity into the Navy and others. Popov was one of the first to pay attention to the works of Herts who proved by experiments the existence of electromagnetic waves.
***
At the end of 905 police was sent to the Petersburg Electrotechnical Institute, where Popov was elected director. On December 31, 1905, the great inventor died at the age of 47.
B. Answer the questions.
1. When was A. Popov born?
2. What scientific problems did he study?
3. Whose works did he pay attention to?
4. What was his first device?
5. What did A. Popov with his assistants Ribkin and Troitsky invent?
6. Why did Popov refuse to go abroad?
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8. A. Read the story about I Kurchatov.
Igor Kurchatov
Among the distinguished atomic scientists the first place belongs by right to academician Igor Kurchatov.
As far back as the early thirties, atomic research was being successfully conducted in our country. Russian nuclear physics was in need of powerful sources of fast particles capable of inducing a nuclear reaction. This problem was being solved by a group of research workers with I. Kurchatov at the head. His optimism, vigour and faith in success inspired their work.
Having completed a series of experiments, I Kurchatov launched Europe’s first cyclotron at the Radio Institute. Shortly before the break of the Great Patriotic War the biggest in Europe cyclotron was built at the Leningrad(St. Petersburg) Physico-Technical Institute.
Igor Kurchatov together with B. Kyrchatov, L. Mosovsky and L.Rusinov made a major discovery in nuclear physics – the isomerism of artificial radio-active nuclei.
Kurchatov knew that the neutron was the key to splitting of the atom. This is why he put all the efforts into neutron research. The main, the most important objective to release the power of atomic nucleus was still ahead of him. The idea of releasing gigantic resources of atom energy haunted Kurchatov but the World War II broke out and all research programs had to be suspended.
Academician A. Alexandrov having discovered a way of protecting ships from mines,
I, Kurchatov joined in and began to work for the Navy.
Research into uranium fission having been resumed at the decision of the Government, Kurchatov left the front line. The war was drawing to close and I.Kurchatov was already dreaming of using the atom for peace.
On June 27, 1954, the first atomic power plant in the world with a capacity of 5,000 kw was put into operation near Moscow. This power generating installation based on the uranium-graphite reactor was the favourite creation of I. Kurchatov.
Like other scientists Kurchatov was carried away by another great idea – to master controlled thermonuclear reactions.
In 1956 he was accompanied by the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union N. Khrushchov on his visit of peace and friendship to Britain. At Harwell he presented a report on Soviet research into controlled fusion.
A. Are these statements true or false?
1. Atomic research was conducted in Russiain 1830s.
2. I. Kurchatov with his father B. Kurchatov led the works of fast particles capable of inducing a nuclear reaction.
3. I Kurchatov launched Europe’s first cyclotron at the Radio Institute.
4. Igor Kurchatov made a discovery in the isomerism of artificial radio-active nuclei.
5. The main, the most important objective to release the power of atomic nucleus was solved by the American scientists.
6. I. Kurchatov discovered a way of protecting ships from mines.
7. The war was drawing to close in 1944 and I.Kurchatov was already dreaming of using the atom to make the victory of our people nearer.
8. In 1956 he was accompanied by the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union L. Brezhnev on his visit of peace and friendship to Britain.