Information from Wikipedia: The expansion of the universe is the increase in distance between gravitationally unbound parts of the observable universe with time. It is an intrinsic expansion, so it does not mean that the universe expands "into" anything or that space exists "outside" it. To any observer in the universe, it appears that all but the nearest galaxies (which are bound to each other by gravity) recede at speeds that are proportional to their distance from the observer, on average.
From the author: this article discusses the theory of the expansion of the universe as a result of the acceleration of flow of time. It also makes it possible to explain some phenomena in the universe that today cannot be fully explained within the framework of existing theories.
Light spreads in space at the speed of light, and at the same time for it, as well as for any other object moving at the speed of light, neither time nor space exists. For an observer from the “position” of a photon of light, light reaches the limits of any point in the universe instantly. This means that time and space for light are equal to zero. And from here it is obvious that space and time exist only in connection with matter. Matter cannot manifest itself without space and time: it simply would not exist. Space and time are attributes of matter. From the position of a photon of light space and time are non-existent categories. These are the truths considered here as basic truths.
The universe, from the perspective of a photon of light, in its dimensions, as mentioned above, is equal to zero, but for matter the dimensions of the universe have very specific values, which are determined by the time during which light emanating from one object reaches another in space. Here we are talking about the size of the universe in the plural also because the “density” of space*, and therefore its size within its various sections, may vary depending on the speed of the flow of time within a particular section. The speed of light, due to its constancy, determines the size of space and “changes” it when the speed of the flow of time changes.
Thus, there are two worlds - the world in the “sensations” of the photon of light and the world in the “sensations” of matter. We belong to the latter. It should be noted that both of these worlds are real and from the point of view of the Theory of Relativity they exist or coexist without contradictions. From here it is obvious that the world of matter exists only in the realities of matter itself, and for the photon of light it does not exist, since for it there is neither space nor time and, accordingly, matter also cannot manifest itself for it. The transfer of energy from a photon of light into matter and back is not considered here.
For clarity of further presentation, consider a simplified graphic illustration:
This is a conditional triangle with two sides going down and determining the speed of flow of time and the size of space. The upper point is a state of absence of both matter and space with time: time stands, space is absent. Below the upper point begins the world of matter and, accordingly, the “bubble” of space and time or the universe, where both, space and time exist. The size of the observable universe does not depend on the speed of flow of time and the location in time and space for the object, observing the universe: it is the same in all directions and is equal to the Hubble horizon** (13.8 billion light years).
The Universe is a form of existence of matter with its inherent attributes - space and time and also gravity, which is a property of matter and, one might say, the reverse side of the manifestation of space. There is no gravity without space. The gravitational force formula confirms this statement. From the moment material objects arise, space and time and also gravity appear. In this case, space, as already noted, is determined by the time required for a photon of light to “fly” from one object to another. The relationship between space and time and what determines this relationship or, in other words, the speed of light, is a question that requires clarification. One thing is clear: the value of space is determined by the speed of flow of time, which determines this value through the speed of light.
Light emanating from any point inside reaches the boundary of the universe in a certain amount of time. What happens when the light reaches the boundary of the universe? It should be noted that the boundary of the universe passes through the last object of matter, that is there are no other material objects beyond this last object of matter! The area outside the boundary is not included in the space of the universe and is not a space-vacuum determined by matter. The structure of this region, if we can talk about its existence, should have completely different characteristics from the space-vacuum of the universe. Here there is no interaction of matter with matter, both within various objects of matter, and within spaced points of a various object of matter (almost all basic elementary particles have a certain size: they are inherently spatial). The thickness or width of the space-vacuum “fading” area is not determined, but we proceed with the assumption that it is not infinite, which is logical based on the previously stated statement that space is a property and attribute of matter. Presumably, the process of "extinction" of the space-vacuum is caused by a gradual decrease in the speed of flow of time at the boundary of the universe with a subsequent complete stop. Accordingly, this also means a gradual "compression" of space until its disappearance.
There are three variants for events when the light reaches the boundary of the universe: one - based on the position of the photon of light and two - based on the position of the observer inside the universe.
1. From the point of view of the position of a photon of light, there is nothing: neither space inside the universe, nor space outside the universe, as well as no time.
2. From the point of view of an observer inside the universe, a photon of light, having reached the boundary of the universe or the boundary of space-vacuum, must practically “stop”, since beyond that there is neither space-vacuum nor time, which are attributes of matter, as well as matter itself. From this position, we can say that photons should accumulate at the boundary and form a certain shell and possibly transform into the state of matter. It can be assumed that this is dark matter. The description of the interaction of photons of light with a medium where there is no space-vacuum has not been considered until today; just as the absence of space-vacuum itself has not been considered, except for various theories or science fiction.
3. The next option: again for the observer inside the universe. A photon of light, having reached the boundary, continues to move at the same speed as in the universe. But, based on the above reasoning, the photon stops at the boundary due to the absence of space-vacuum outside the universe. Moreover we will consider both statements correct! In this case, as a consequence, we obtain that the space of the universe increases with the speed of movement of photons of light, although in this case the light “gets stuck” at the boundary, since, from the point of view of the observer, it does not move in a medium where there is no space-vacuum and also time. This contradiction is resolved if we assume that the speed of flow of time within the universe is accelerating and, based on the fact, that the speed of light is constant, it becomes obvious, that the space of the universe is expanding in all directions and at each point at the same speed (swelling) and there is no dark energy or matter, which could as be believed, be the cause of this expansion, does not exist or is not the cause of the expansion. The expansion occurs due to a change in the speed of flow of time inside the universe, that is inside the space-vacuum determined by matter. If you look at the graphic triangular “well”, we “fall” into it: time accelerates, space increases and, as a result, the effect of an expanding universe is observed. The expansion of space occurs with acceleration. Acceleration is due to the fact that time accelerates, but at the same time, each subsequent equivalent interval already in accelerated time (for example, 1 second) contains the same amount of space in the linear dimension (300 thousand km) - the same as in the previous one (300 thousand km) time, that has not yet accelerated. This happens due to the constancy of the speed of light. At the same time, the percentage value of the expansion remains unchanged.
The reason for the acceleration of the speed of flow of time remains beyond the scope of this article. It is important that the movement of photons of light for an observer inside the universe is also preserved when the photons reach the boundary of the universe. That is, the laws operating within the space-vacuum are preserved for photons of light also when reaching the boundary of the space-vacuum. This happens due to the acceleration of the flow of time inside the vacuum space. It remains to add that this method of the expansion of the universe originates and coincides with the Big Bang wave (Big Bang, Urknall), which at the moment of the explosion may have had a decisive impact on the expansion of the universe. But now the expansion occurs not due to the inertia of the movement of matter after the explosion, although both of these expansion methods can be considered as similar in their physical process, but solely due to the acceleration of the flow of time and “contrary” to the desire of matter to collapse under the influence of gravity.
The structure of space-vacuum could give an answer which of the expansion options for the universe is correct (the second, third, or both options influence the expansion). Here, it seems, lies the answer to the question: what determines the constancy of the speed of light and, as a result, the interdependence of space and time.
Here it is possible and even natural that the question arises: how, within the framework of this theory, can it be determined that the universe is expanding, if this theory of accelerating the flow of time should influence all physical processes, including the “reason for stability” of the manifestation of the Doppler Effect***, thanks to which it is clear that the universe is expanding. To do this, we need to pay attention to the discrepancy between the laws of physics quantum mechanics and the physics of space or, more precisely, the physics of space-vacuum. As you know, many laws, if almost all, work differently. Apparently this difference between the laws of quantum mechanics and cosmic physics makes it possible to determine that the universe is expanding.
Curvatures of space and/or changes in the density of space, that is changes in the speed of flow of time near massive bodies also confirm that the space, being a property and attribute of matter and, one might say, being a “creature” of matter, is depends from matter. How this manifests itself and where it can be seen will be discussed in the next article.
* - The "density" of space is determined by the speed of flow of time. For example: if the speed of flow of time has doubled, then the amount of space previously equal to 300 thousand km at the speed of light 300 thousand km/sec will be equal to 2x300 thousand km, that is 600 thousand km. This means that when the speed of flow of time changes, the size of space also changes. In the above example, the density of space has decreased by half.
** - The Hubble horizon, the particle horizon, also called the cosmological horizon, the comoving horizon, or the cosmic light horizon, is the maximum distance from which light from particles could have traveled to the observer in the age of the universe. It represents the boundary between the observable and the unobservable regions of the universe, so its distance at the present epoch defines the size of the observable universe.
*** - The Doppler effect (also Doppler shift) is the change in the frequency of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. The Doppler effect is named after the physicist Christian Doppler, who described the phenomenon in 1842.
09 January 2021
R. Sharafutdinov