- Союзы "either ... or" и "neither ... nor" подразумевают выбор из двух (людей, вещей, групп, действий). "Either ... or" употребляется в отрицательных конструкциях с глаголом в отрицательной форме. "Neither ... nor" употребляется с глаголом в утвердительной форме.
He doesn't speak either Spanish or French. / He speaks neither Spanish nor French. - Он не говорит ни на испанском, ни на французском языке.
Neither his family nor his friends knew about his plans. - Ни его семья, ни его друзья не знали о его планах.
- Either ... or используется, когда речь идет о выборе между двумя разными вещами, но при этом выбрать можно только что-то одно. Переводится как "...или...или...".
You can have either tea or coffee. - Можешь выпить чай или кофе (или то, или другое).
Either ... or может использоваться, когда говорящий дает кому-либо ультиматум.
Either you stop making noise now or I'll tell your mother! - Или сейчас же прекращаешь шуметь или я расскажу твоей маме!
- Конструкция Neither ... nor используется, когда речь идет о каких-либо невозможных вещах (когда две или более вещи не являются возможными). Переводится как "...ни...ни...".
He drinks neither tea nor coffee. - Он не пьет ни чай, ни кофе.
- Both ... and (и ... и, как ... так и) используется в утвердительных предложениях и соединяет однородные члены предложения. Если союз соединяет подлежащие, то сказуемое необходимо употреблять во множественном числе.
Both John and Jill go to school. - И Джон, и Джилл ходят в школу.
Не употребляйте "either" или "neither", если вы выбираете более чем из двух. Сравните:
Neither of the answers is correct. – None of the answers is correct.
Ни один из (двух) ответов не правилен. – Ни один из (ряда) ответов не правилен.
Местоимение "both" («оба») не употребляется в отрицательных конструкциях. "Neither" употребляется вместо "both" в отрицательных предложениях.
We both knew it. / Both of us knew it. – Neither of us knew it.
Мы оба знали это. – Мы оба не знали этого. (т.е. Ни один из нас двоих не знал этого.)
- Наречие “too” (тоже) не употребляется в отрицательных конструкциях. Наречие "either" употребляется вместо "too" в отрицательных предложениях. Сравните:
I know him too. – I don’t know him either.
Я тоже знаю его. – Я тоже не знаю его.
+ I am a student. – So am I.
- I am not hungry. – Neither am I.
+ I like oranges. – So do I.
- I don't know him. – Neither do I.
+ I was there yesterday. – So was I.
- I wasn't laughing. – Neither was I.
+ I visited India last year. – So did I.
- I didn't call them. – Neither did I.
- I don't like it. = I don't either. / Neither do I.
- I didn't find her. = I didn't either. / Neither did I.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Подчеркните правильный вариант.
1. I know both Peter and William, but I don’t like … (either/neither) of them.
2. She can’t choose between them, she likes them … (either/neither/both).
3. We can’t visit John because … (either/neither/both) of them knows his address.
4. I never work the whole day. I work … (either/neither/both) in the morning … (or/nor/and) in the evening.
5. I think I’ll take … (either/neither/both) a bus … (or/nor/and) a train to get to school.
6. He is very clever. I think he is … (either/neither/both) a scientist …. (or/nor/and) a writer.
7. We can meet … (either/neither) on Monday … (or/nor) on Tuesday. I am busy.
8. I visited Great Britain last year and I liked … (either/neither/both) London … (or/nor/and) Edinburg – these cities are wonderful!
9. I like apples. – (So/Either/Neither) do I.
10. He asked her so many questions but (both/none/neither) of them was personal.
11. I don’t know this man. – I don’t know him (too/either/neither)
12. (Either/Neither/Both) of them invited me to the party, so I didn’t go there.
Exercise 2. Заполните пропуски союзами either … or, neither … nor, both … and.
1) I was very unhappy: ……….. he ……….. his friend was able to help me.
2) Oleg didn’t ask his parents to help him with his homework because ……….. his mother ……….. his father spoke English.
3) I’m not satisfied with the new equipment: it is ……….. accurate ………..safe.
4) ……….. Peter ……….. Harry go to the swimming pool. That is why the boys can swim so well.
5) I don’t know anything about it, but you can ask ……….. his brother ……….. his cousin.
6) Are they going to spend the whole summer in town? – Yes. ……….. she ……….. her parents want to go to the country this summer.
7) I don’t know what to buy him for his birthday. – Buy him ……….. a dictionary ……….. an encyclopedia.
8) He loves her very much. He says she is ……….. beautiful ……….. kind.
9) The weather was terrible. ……….. he ……….. his wife enjoyed the vacation.
10) John’s son left school last year, didn’t he? – I’m not sure. ……….. his daughter ……….. his son did.
Exercise 3. Переведите ответ.
1. I am a student. – Он тоже.
2. He likes bananas. – Я тоже.
3. I know this girl. – Я знаю её тоже.
4. I don’t know this man. – Я тоже.
5. He is a banker. – Мой папа тоже.
6. I like this song so much! – Я люблю её тоже.
7. I wasn’t there yesterday. – Я тоже.
8. We called them in the morning. – Мы тоже.
9. I don’t like this boy. – Я тоже.
10. They will see him tomorrow. – Я тоже.
KEYS
Exercise 1.
1. I know both Peter and William, but I don’t like either of them.
2. She can’t choose between them, she likes them both.
3. We can’t visit John because neither of them knows his address.
4. I never work the whole day. I work either in the morning or in the evening.
5. I think I’ll take either a bus or a train to get to school.
6. He is very clever. I think he is either a scientist or a writer.
7. We can meet neither on Monday nor on Tuesday. I am busy.
8. I visited Great Britain last year and I liked both London and Edinburg – these cities are wonderful!
9. I like apples. – So do I.
10. He asked her so many questions but none of them was personal.
11. I don’t know this man. – I don’t know him either.
12. Neither of them invited me to the party, so I didn’t go there.
Exercise 2.
1) I was very unhappy: neither he nor his friend was able to help me. 2) Oleg didn’t ask his parents to help him with his homework because neither his mother nor his father spoke English. 3) I’m not satisfied with the new equipment: it is neither accurate nor safe. 4) Both Peter and Harry go to the swimming pool. That is why the boys can swim so well. 5) I don’t know anything about it, but you can ask either his brother or his cousin. 6) Are they going to spend the whole summer in town? – Yes. Neither she nor her parents want to go to the country this summer. 7) I don’t know what to buy him for his birthday. – Buy him either a dictionary or an encyclopedia. 8) He loves her very much. He says she is both beautiful and kind. 9) The weather was terrible. Neither he nor his wife enjoyed the vacation. 10) John’s son left school last year, didn’t he? – I’m not sure. Either his daughter or his son did.
Exercise 3.
1. I am a student. – So is he.
2. He likes bananas. – So do I.
3. I know this girl. – I know her too.
4. I don’t know this man. – Neither do I. / I don’t know him either.
5. He is a banker. – So is my father.
6. I like this song so much! – I like it too.
7. I wasn’t there yesterday. – Neither was I. / I wasn’t either.
8. We called them in the morning. – So did we.
9. I don’t like this boy. – Neither do I. / I don’t either.
10. They will see him tomorrow. – So will I.
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