Culture includes verbal and nonverbal language, attitudes, values, stereotypes and beliefs.
In its narrow meaning, “nonverbal behaviour” includes facial expressions, hand and arm gestures, movements of the body or the legs and feet, postures, positions, and gait, and as well as the distance between speakers.
In the broader meaning, nonverbal behaviour includes besides facial expressions, gestures, postures, gait, distance between speakers etc., vocal behaviour, such as tone, loudness, pauses and speech duration, tempo, timbre; as well as physical environment, i.e. architecture, temperature, colour, lighting, sound; physical characteristics (ear-rings, tattoo, lipstick), as well as olfaction (smell), chronemics (time perception), gustatory systems (taste).
Source:
Кудинова, Е. С. Основы невербального общения. Мимика, жест. Проксемика : учебное пособие для студентов лингвистических вузов / Е. С. Кудинова. – Москва : Мозартика, 2020. – 86 с. – ISBN 978-5-6044704-3-5. – EDN LEQGOI.
Кудинова, Е. С. Межкультурная коммуникация для школьников : Учебное пособие для учащихся предуниверситария ФГБОУ ВО МГЛУ / Е. С. Кудинова. – Москва : Мозартика, 2021. – 156 с. – ISBN 978-5-6047032-2-9. – EDN NFGAPZ.
