Все существительные английского языка делятся на нарицательные (common nouns) и собственные (proper nouns).
В этой статье речь пойдёт только об именах собственных.
Имена собственные дают названия отдельным или конкретным личностям и предметам, событиям и понятиям. Их пишут с большой буквы.
*Если в состав существительного входит несколько слов, то все они пишется с большой буквы.
· The RF (the Russian Federation)
· The USA ( United States of America)
· The Black Sea
· The Atlantic Ocean
Имена собственные делятся на группы:
1) Личные Имена:
Anna Petrova, John Davidson
Примеры:
Anna Petrova was my first school teacher. She was very friendly and cheerful.
The owner of this company is John Davidson, a really interesting and ambisious person.
2) Псевдонимы:
Dwayne The Rock – Дуэйн Скала (имя и псевдоним)
Mickey Rourke - Phillip Andre Rourke (Мики Рурк)
Elton John - Reginald Kenneth Dwight (Элтон Джон)
Marilyn Manson - Brian Hugh Warner (Мэрлин Мэнсон)
Tom the cat and Jerry the mouse (кот Том и мышка Джерри)
Примеры:
We all know Dwayne The Rock Johnson from "Hercules".
Elton John was a famous extravagant singer.
Tom and Jerry were really popular in 90s.
3) Географические названия:
the Indian Ocean
the Red Sea
Niagara Falls
Russia
Asia, Africa
the Nile River
the Northern Hemisphere (Северное полушарие)
the North Pole (Северный полюс)
the Caucasus (Кавказ)
Mount Everest (гора Эверест)
Примеры:
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's five oceans (after the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean, but larger than the Southern Ocean and Arctic Ocean)
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of the Earth that is north of the Equator.
4) Названия организаций, учреждений, брендов, компаний, газет, журналов:
McDonald's (Макдональдс)
H&M - (Эйч-энд-Эм)
New York Times Magazine (Нью-Йорк таймз)
Nike
Примеры:
McDonald's Corporation is an American fast food company, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald, in San Bernardino, California, United States.
The New York Times Magazine is a Sunday magazine.
Nike, Inc. (/ˈnaɪki/ or /ˈnaɪk/) is an American multinational corporation that is engaged in the design, development, manufacturing, and worldwide marketing and sales of footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories, and services.
5) Названия дней недели:
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday, Sunday.
Примеры:
I start work on Sundays, because I want to be more productive.
We met on Tuesday evening that day.
I like Wednesdays because of our tradition to have a prank day with my friends.
6) Названия месяцев:
January, March, June, July, August.
Примеры:
We have holidays in June, July and August.
On August,3rd I had a great weekends in the mountains.
7) Названия праздников, значимых событий:
Birthday, New Year's Day, Saint Valentine's Day, Mother's Day.
Примеры:
My Birthday is in May.
I love New Year's Day with my family! It's always such a fun!
8) Названия улиц, парков, площадей, мостов, зданий, отелей, музеев, театров (всё, что касается города):
Fifth Avenue, Red Square,
Примеры:
The Bolshoi Theatre is famous all over the world.
Red Square is the heart of Moscow and the main square of Russia.
9) Названия небесных тел:
the Sun, the Earth, the Moon, Alpha Centauri, Venus, Jupiter, Pluto
Примеры:
Alpha Centauri is the closest star system and closest planetary system to Earth's Solar System at 4.37 light-years from the Sun.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System.
10) Национальности и языки(совпадают):
Englsh, Russian, Spanish, German, Italian, Japanese
Примеры:
Do you speak Italian? – Вы говорите на итальянском?
I like Italian food. – Я люблю итальянскую еду.
I am Italian. What is your nationality?
11) Сокращения, аббревиатуры:
Jan., Feb., Mar.,etc.,i.e., ABC, sis, bro, Be4, 2B, ROFL, OMG
Примеры:
P.S. — послесловие;
adj. — прилагательное;
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization — НАТО;
LOL - laugh out loud - громко смеюсь;
C.O.D. (cash on delivery) — наложенным платежом.
12) События (награды, турниры, показы, пьессы)
Oscar, the Stanley Cup, MTV Movie Awards
Примеры:
Get the latest news about the 2022 Oscars, including nominations, winners, predictions and red carpet fashion at 94th Academy Awards Oscar.com.
The Stanley Cup (French: La Coupe Stanley) is the championship trophy awarded annually to the National Hockey League (NHL) playoff winner.
13) Документы (законы):
Employment Contract (договор о приеме на работу), Loan Agreement (кредитный договор),
Примеры:
An employment contract or contract of employment is a kind of contract used in labour law to attribute rights and responsibilities between parties to a bargain.
14) Религиозные праздники
Christmas, Easter,
Примеры:
Church holidays are days set aside by the church for celebrating various events from the life of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints.
Easter Sunday does not have a set date, it changes every year to fall on the first Sunday after the full moon that occurs on or right after the spring equinox.
15) Должности глав государств
Примеры:
Chief executive officer (CEO) – генеральный директор
Chief administrative officer (CAO) – глава администрации
Chief financial officer (CFO) – финансовый директор
The chief of police (COP) – глава полиции
The chief economist – главный экономист
The chief fire officer – начальник пожарной службы
16) Школьные/ учебные предметы:
History, Maths, Chemistry, Geography, Technology, Art, Phylosophy, Psychology
Примеры:
My first class today was Chemistry, and I was afraid to be asked.
Philosophy is the systematic study of the foundations of human knowledge with an emphasis on the conditions of its validity and finding answers to ultimate questions.
17) Книги, фильмы):
Примеры:
"The Cat in the Hat" - Кот в шляпе;
"Star Wars: Obi-Wan" - Звёздные воины: Оби-Ван;
"The Godfather" - Крёстный отец.
18) Знаки зодиака:
Sagittarius, Leo, Cancer, Gemini, Pisces, Virgo
Примеры:
Sagittarius is ruled by Jupiter, the largest planet of the Solar system.
Capricorn is the tenth astrological sign in the zodiac out of twelve total zodiac signs, originating from the constellation of Capricornus, the horned goat.
Надеюсь, статья была полезной и увлекательной!
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Благодарю за внимание!