{"draftJsState":{"blocks":[{"data":{"image":{"id":"622c6de6998da2772eb94d96"},"images":[{"id":"622c6de6998da2772eb94d96"}],"contents":{}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"bs0nf"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":6,"offset":84,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Работа любого сайта в интернете начинается с веб-сервера. В этой статье, на примере Apache, рассмотрим как установить и настроить веб-сервер, а также создать свой первый сайт-одностраничник.","type":"unstyled","key":"5p2q9"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":6,"offset":0,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":6,"offset":56,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Apache доступен в репозиториях программного обеспечения Ubuntu по умолчанию, и поэтому его можно установить с помощью стандартных инструментов управления пакетами.","type":"unstyled","key":"5anns"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Для начала можем выполнить обновление пакетов:","type":"unstyled","key":"88fv2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":17,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo apt update","type":"unstyled","key":"khs3"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Теперь выполним следующую команду:","type":"unstyled","key":"c883o"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":26,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo apt install apache2","type":"unstyled","key":"ah5j7"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"61d9df56fc8ecc6a6e994ff4"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"ai53g"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":6,"offset":59,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Введем y для подтверждения установки. Выполнится установка Apache и всех требуемых зависимостей.","type":"unstyled","key":"146et"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":6,"offset":23,"style":"BOLD"},{"length":6,"offset":116,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Перед началом работы с Apache стоит настроить необходимые порты в брандмауэре для веб сервера. В процессе установки Apache регистрируется в списках приложениях брандмауэра. Посмотреть этот список можно выполнив команду","type":"unstyled","key":"bm9d5"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":19,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo ufw app list","type":"unstyled","key":"2u2bc"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":6,"offset":35,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":11,"offset":43,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":13,"offset":56,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":6,"offset":84,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":13,"offset":120,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":12,"offset":164,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"в этом списке имеются три названия Apache, Apache Full, Apache Secure. Так, профиль Apache отвечает за порт 80, профиль Apache Secure открывает порт 443, а профиль Apache Full открывает оба 80 и 443 порты. Для начала откроем только 80 порт, для этого выполним команду:","type":"unstyled","key":"bnpb8"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":25,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo ufw allow 'Apache'","type":"unstyled","key":"cvdek"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Проверить включение правила, можно выполнив команду, которая выведет список разрешенных приложений","type":"unstyled","key":"8i3nh"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":17,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo ufw status","type":"unstyled","key":"8aebp"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"61d9df89ec1fd94207841283"},"images":[{"id":"61d9df89ec1fd94207841283"},{"id":"61d9dfa02e77fa179aceb8b7"}],"contents":{"61d9df89ec1fd94207841283":""}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"bodu6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":6,"offset":7,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Служба Apache обычно запускается сразу после установки. Состояние службы позволяет посмотреть команда","type":"unstyled","key":"aao4m"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":31,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo systemctl status apache2","type":"unstyled","key":"9sgfs"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Также работу сервера можно проверить запросом страницы в браузере, для этого нужно ввести адрес сервера в адресную строку. 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Приведу основные команды управления веб-сервером с использованием systemctl.","type":"unstyled","key":"3h327"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Остановить веб-сервер","type":"unstyled","key":"5jgh3"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":29,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo systemctl stop apache2","type":"unstyled","key":"fks8o"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Запустить остановленный веб-сервер","type":"unstyled","key":"85n3e"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":30,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo systemctl start apache2","type":"unstyled","key":"2aeu3"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Чтобы остановить и снова запустить службу, введите:","type":"unstyled","key":"as81g"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":32,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo systemctl restart apache2","type":"unstyled","key":"4ae65"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":6,"offset":67,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Если вы просто вносите изменения в конфигурацию, во многих случаях Apache может перезагружаться без отключения соединений. Для этого нужно использовать следующую команду:","type":"unstyled","key":"3u411"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":31,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo systemctl reload apache2","type":"unstyled","key":"24i64"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":6,"offset":11,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Изначально Apache настроен на автоматический запуск при загрузке сервера. Если вы не хотите этого, отключите такое поведение с помощью следующей команды:","type":"unstyled","key":"1oqf0"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":32,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo systemctl disable apache2","type":"unstyled","key":"5h47o"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Чтобы включить автоматический запуск, выполните:","type":"unstyled","key":"4dpc4"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":31,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo systemctl enable apache2","type":"unstyled","key":"1da6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Создание нового сайта","type":"header-three","key":"2tjk6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":13,"offset":60,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":8,"offset":280,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"По умолчанию включено обслуживание документов из директории /var/www/html. Вместо редактирования документов в этой директории, создадим для нового сайта собственную директорию и внесем изменения в конфигурацию веб-сервера для включения нового сайта. Для примера возьмём имя сайта new.site","type":"unstyled","key":"fq1j3"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":8,"offset":20,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Создадим директорию new.site","type":"unstyled","key":"fjafo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":30,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo mkdir /var/www/new.site","type":"unstyled","key":"7rh60"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":5,"offset":57,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Поменяем владельца директории с помощью переменной среды $USER:","type":"unstyled","key":"fu31c"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":45,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/new.site","type":"unstyled","key":"9kulg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Установим необходимые права для чтения","type":"unstyled","key":"8qih5"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":37,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/new.site","type":"unstyled","key":"5ansq"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":10,"offset":37,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Создадим в качестве примера страницу index.html, используя nano или другой редактор:","type":"unstyled","key":"1p6rt"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":40,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo nano /var/www/new.site/index.html","type":"unstyled","key":"7ntds"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":10,"offset":7,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"В файл index.html добавим образец кода HTML:","type":"unstyled","key":"bmmc5"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"blockquote","key":"evf28"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"blockquote","key":"evjh3"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Welcome to new.site!","type":"blockquote","key":"6b45g"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"blockquote","key":"2pfht"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"blockquote","key":"4pd8o"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"

Success! The new.site virtual host is working!

","type":"blockquote","key":"2icfo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"blockquote","key":"82mv5"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"blockquote","key":"ajrls"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Сохраним и закроем файл.","type":"unstyled","key":"14mlm"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":45,"offset":168,"style":"ITALIC"},{"length":43,"offset":240,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Для обслуживания нового сайта, необходимо создать файл виртуального хоста с правильными директивами. Вместо изменения файла конфигурации по умолчанию, расположенного в /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf, мы создадим новый файл в /etc/apache2/sites-available/new.site.conf :","type":"unstyled","key":"49ch5"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":54,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/new.site.conf","type":"unstyled","key":"6djae"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"Введите следующий блок конфигурации, который похож на заданный по умолчанию, но обновлен с учетом новой директории и доменного имени:","type":"unstyled","key":"fqe3p"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"blockquote","key":"auji6"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost","type":"blockquote","key":"i8qg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"ServerName new.site","type":"blockquote","key":"3v8rf"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"ServerAlias www.new.site","type":"blockquote","key":"argqn"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"DocumentRoot /var/www/ new.site","type":"blockquote","key":"3c325"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log","type":"blockquote","key":"5skbl"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined","type":"blockquote","key":"3edga"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"blockquote","key":"5lfuc"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":8,"offset":38,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Активируем файл с помощью инструмента a2ensite:","type":"unstyled","key":"1ovc2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":29,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo a2ensite new.site.conf","type":"unstyled","key":"5bfgg"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":16,"offset":43,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Отключим сайт по умолчанию, определённый в 000-default.conf:","type":"unstyled","key":"8m9hs"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":33,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf","type":"unstyled","key":"ejbki"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"После этого проверим ошибки конфигурации:","type":"unstyled","key":"34s54"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":28,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo apache2ctl configtest","type":"unstyled","key":"b6m1e"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":154,"offset":21,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Если появится ошибка «Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppress this message», в таком случае необходимо открыть главный файл конфигурации веб-сервера","type":"unstyled","key":"eahvo"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":35,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"sudo nano /etc/apache2/apache2.conf","type":"unstyled","key":"89aff"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"и в конце файла добавить","type":"unstyled","key":"3me7a"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":20,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"ServerName 127.0.0.1","type":"unstyled","key":"8v0ee"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":6,"offset":49,"style":"BOLD"}],"text":"Поcле этого ошибка пропадет. Теперь перезапустим Apache для внесения изменений:","type":"unstyled","key":"3db3d"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":32,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo systemctl restart apache2","type":"unstyled","key":"fuvea"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":5,"offset":51,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Так как адрес нашего нового сайта заканчивается на .site, относящийся к общему домену верхнего уровня, то при открытии такого адреса браузер будет искать его во всемирной паутине. Добавим строчку","type":"unstyled","key":"488ab"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"127.0.0.1 new.site","type":"blockquote","key":"83gu2"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"в файл hosts","type":"unstyled","key":"cleha"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":23,"offset":0,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"$ sudo nano /etc/hosts","type":"unstyled","key":"5tc5e"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"61d9e0a2e8a4aa773cfef623"},"images":[{"id":"61d9e0a2e8a4aa773cfef623"},{"id":"61d9e0b1e8a4aa773cff027f"},{"id":"61d9e0b1f443461eefef7e7b"},{"id":"61d9e0b1abf5ba020c84cece"}],"contents":{"61d9e0a2e8a4aa773cfef623":""}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"eu2u3"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[{"length":16,"offset":57,"style":"ITALIC"}],"text":"Теперь можем проверить наш сайт, открыв в браузере адрес http://new.site/, после чего должны увидеть примерно следующее:","type":"unstyled","key":"56bol"},{"data":{"image":{"id":"61d9e0f14dd8b807967f97ec"}},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"atomic:image","key":"67a3q"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"#apache #webserver #httpd #ubuntu #site ","type":"unstyled","key":"9di2r"},{"data":{},"depth":0,"entityRanges":[],"inlineStyleRanges":[],"text":"","type":"marker","key":"AehQSqiw1Zj7uFtsL5jX"}],"entityMap":{}},"mentions":[]}