В студенческие годы мы учились по В.Д. Аракину, откуда получали многочисленные задания, приятные и не очень, и так как этот учебник переживет многих, то я решила поделиться своими работами. Возможно, кому-то из студентов даже пригодится. Мне потребовалось очень много времени, чтобы найти и соединить с примерами все стилистические приемы, поэтому список получился внушительный. Полная версия приемов в этой статье - клик!
Здесь же вы найдете упрощенный вариант самых важных и необходимых стилистических приемов. Must know, так сказать.
Внимание! Дальше много английских букв!
1) Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices
1) Alliteration [əˌlɪtə'reɪʃ(ə)n] the repetition of similar consonant at the beginning of successive words: Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before.
2) Assonance ['æsənən(t)s] the agreement of vowel sounds:
One’s upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary.
3) Onomatopoeia [ˌɔnəˌmætə'piːə] a combination of speech-sounds which imitate sounds of nature:
ding-dong, buzz, bang, cuckoo, mew, ping-pong, etc.
4) Rhyme [raɪm] the repetition of identical or similar terminal sound combination of words:
flesh – fresh – press; bottom – forgot’em – shot him.
2) Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices
1) Metaphor: floods of tears – потоки слез; a storm of indignation – шторм негодования.
2) Metonymy замещение одного слова другим: The hall applauded. – Зал приветствовал.
3) Irony two logical meanings in opposition to each other, Nice weather, isn't it? (on a rainy day).
4) Zeugma ['zjuːgmə]: She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.
5) Epithet ['epɪθet] автор. восприятие: a shadow of a smile; smiling sun, voiceless sounds.
6) Oxymoron [ˌɔksɪ'mɔːrɔn] opposite meaning: speaking silence, cold fire, living death.
7) Simile ['sɪmɪlɪ]: as brave as a lion.
8) Periphrasis – косвенное выражение одного понятия при помощи другого, его упоминание путем не прямого называния, а описания: The big man upstairs hears your prayers. – Большой человек наверху слышит твои молитвы (под "большим человеком" подразумевается Бог).
9) Euphemism ['juːfəmɪz(ə)m] avoid some unpleasant things: To pass away (to die).
10) Hyperbole [haɪ'pɜːb(ə)lɪ] exaggeration: A thousand pardons, scared to death, immensely obliged.
11) Cliché ['kliːʃeɪ] hackneyed and trite заезженно и банально expression: Never say never.
12) Proverb пословица expressions of culture: Out of sight, out of mind.
13) Quotation phrase or sentence taken from literature and repeated to prove a point or support an idea.
14) Allusion indirect reference to a historical, literary, mythological fact: I was surprised his nose was not growing like Pinocchio’s.
3) Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices
1) Ellipsis [ɪ'lɪpsɪs] missing of words: I went to Oxford as one goes into exile; she to London.
2) Aposiopesis [ˌæpəzaɪəˈpiːsɪs] – sudden stop, abundance of the heart наплыв чувств, the oscillation of the speaker неуверенность говорящего: You just come home, or I’ll … (the implication is a threat)
3) Rhetorical question does not require a direct answer: What man has done of man?
4) Parallelism: The cock is crowing. The stream is flowing.
5) Chiasmus [kaɪˈæzməs] inversion in the second part of the phrase: He rose up and down she.
6) Climax ['klaɪmæks] (Gradation) phrase is emotionally more expressive than the previous one: To live here in sight of all this, to be able to point it out to his friend, to talk of it, to possess it!
7) Anti-climax less exciting than it was expected to be: Всякий велик на своем месте: инженер, мастер, чернорабочий.
8) Antithesis сопоставление противоположных образов: They speak like saints and act like devils.
9) Repetition: Scrooge went to bed again, and thought, and thought, and over and over and over.
10) Anaphora repetition at the beginning: Farewell to the mountains...Farewell to the straits...
11) Epiphora [ɪˈpɪf(ə)rə] repetition of words in the end.
12) Anadiplosis the repetition of the same unit at the end of the preceding and at the beginning of the following sentence: ...and so to his son he said good-bye. That good-bye lasted until now.
13) Framing repeated elements – the initials and the final: You have made a nice mess, you have...
14) Nominative sentences the sentence in Nominative case: Fog everywhere. Dusk – of a summer night.
15) Asyndeton [æˈsɪndɪtən]absence of conjunctions; бессоюзие: Пришел, увидел, победил.
16) Polysyndeton [ˌpɒlɪˈsɪndɪtən] several conjunctions; многосоюзие: And the rain..., and the floors...
17) Prolepsis repetition of the noun subject in the form of a personal noun: Miss Webster, she slept...
18) Stylistic inversion: They slid down – Down they slid.
19) Detachment [dɪˈtætʃmənt] Обособление secondary parts of speech are isolated from parts of speech by comma (,) and dash (–): her at the stores – nice and dappleв.
20) Paranthesis [pəˈrɛnθɪsɪs] or Introductory words Вводные слова insert one phrase inside another without grammatical connections by dash ("– ... –" ) or parenthesis "(...)":
...by the thought (what devil's whisper?).
Here is a long passage – what an enormous prospective I make of it! – leading from...
4) Graphical expressive means and stylistic devices
1) Punctuation used in writing to show the stress, rhythm and tone of the spoken word. It also aims at clarifying the meaning of sentences. There are such common marks of punctuation: the full stop [ . ], the comma [ , ], the colon [ : ], the semicolon [ ; ], brackets [( )], dash [ - ], hyphen [ – ], the exclamation mark [ ! ], the oblique stroke [ / ], the iterrogative (question) mark [ ? ], inverted commas (quotation marks) [" "], suspension marks [...], the apostrophe [ ‘ ]: And there – drinking at the bar – was – Robert!
2) Orthography or spelling way in which the words of a language are spelled: Zis man? Gimme a chance!
3) Change of type is a rather common means of indicating stress and other changes in prosodic elements, includes: italics, bold type, h-y-p-h-e-n-a-t-i-o-n, s p a c i n g o u t, mmmmmultiplication and CAPITALIZATION; la-a-arge…: I des-pise you! Allll aboarrrrd!
