Предлог by применяется в огромном количестве ситуаций в английском языке. Сегодня мы рассмотрим несколько таких ситуаций:
- Created/written/sung by someone (указываем кем спета песня, или кем написана и тд)
-Have you heard the new song by Dua Lipa?
-“Don’t start now”? Yes, I have.
-It’s amazing, isn’t it?
-Sure, as usual!
2.passive voice (для указани кем было выполнено действие)
The James Bond books were written by Ian Fleming, a British spy.
3.Using something (с помощью чего-то, используя что-то)
Can I pay by credit card? (Оплатить картой)
You can contact him by phone. (Связаться по телефону)
4.not later than (для указания времени, к которому что-то должно завершиться, произойти)
You need to bring the dress back by 8 o’clock.
5.neat or next to (для обозначения местоположения - рядом, у, возле)
He was standing by the window looking at the rain. (у окна)
The house is located by the river. (у реки)
Let’s meet by the Starbucks at 4 pm. (возле Старбакса)
He was standing by my side, but he was too shy to have a talk. (рядом со мной)
Children sat side by side on the sofa watching TV. (Рядом друг с другом)
6.collocations with by (устойчивые выражения с предлогом by)
- by hand
Her grandfather had made the furniture by hand. (руками, сам, ручным способом)
- by mistake/accident
I walked into the wrong room by accident. (Случайным образом)
The sunflowers were planted there by mistake. (по ошибке)
- by chance
We hadn’t arranged to meet. We met by chance. (случайно)
- by heart
What poem have you learnt by heart? (наизусть)
- by itself (by + возвратное местоимение для обозначения «сам» и тд)
Suddenly the door opened by itself. (Сама)
I’ve made this gift by myself. (сам, самостоятельно, без чьей-либо помощи)
- by the way
Hello! Are you enjoying the party? I’m Nigel, by the way. (кстати)
- by far
I think it is by far the best film in the cinema at the moment. (несомненно, безусловно)
- by the time
By the time I graduate from university, I’ll have been living in New-York for 5 years. (к тому времени как)
- travel by bus/car/plane/foot/boat/ship/bike etc.
I prefer to travel by plane. It doesn’t take a lot of time to get a place. (путешествовать на самолете)
- one by one/day by day etc
We use the Past Simple for actions which happened one by one. (друг за другом)