Problematique:
To what extent did the author while describing states separate politics from morality despite the fact that people could not accept his work.
Because of Machiavelli describes different types of principalities in Italy, the way of wars in these states also differs. Most of these wars are described by Machiavelli with cruelty including coups, murders, cruel régimes.
He also defined 3 ways of acquiring power: they are own valor, alien weapons or cunning. According to The Prince, The are two types of states in Italy which are republics and principalities, but he mostly relies on the second type. Principalities could be new, where people live in freedom or under the prince. Hereditary, Mixed: where conquered and inherited possessions may belong to one country and have one language, or to different countries and have different languages. Civil, in which Monocracy created either by the people or by the nobles and Ecclesiastical, they are based on the principles sanctified by religion.
The first war that Machiavelli pay attention is The Ferrara war, that took place in 1482-1484 in which the Republic of Venice fought against the Duchy of Ferrara supported by the Duchy of Milan and the Kingdom of Naples. Because of his family ruled in Ferrara for many years, people managed to live with the ruling house. And the author explains that the people forget about the former coups and the reasons that caused them only because of the long-standing and successive rule.
According to the Statute, a bicameral parliament functioned in the country. Members of the upper house of parliament - the Senate - were appointed by the king for life, and were widely represented by the nobility, generals, officials, clergy, and prominent cultural figures. The lower chamber, the chamber of deputies, was elected. At first, the weight and authority of the parliament was low, but it contributed to the consolidation of political forces and the formation of political parties.
The establishment of the Italian Kingdom in 1861 was an important stage in the almost century-long battle for national independence and the unification of the country. However, it took almost a decade to complete the Risorgimento.
In 1866, during the Austro-Prussian war, Italy, on the side of Prussia, acquired the Venetian region, the last outpost of Austrian influence on the Apennine Peninsula. In 1870, when the French-German war weakened the pressure of European powers on Italian affairs, the dream of Italian patriots came true - the Pontifical Region and Rome were liberated from the secular power of Pope Pius IX. They were annexed to the Italian kingdom and its capital was moved to Rome.
When the principality is mixed the ability to retain power for the new prince or hereditary who conquered new lands becomes more difficult. the people, believing that the new Governor will appear better, willingly rise against old, but they soon understand by experience that it was mistake, because the new Governor always appears worse than old. the conqueror oppresses the new people by imposing various taxes and duties on them. As a result, the people soon revolt against the ruler. This situation happened to Louis XII, King of France that quickly took Milan and also quickly lost it.
When re-conquering after the rebellion, the power is easier to approve, because now the prince can punish unreliable subjects and take security measures in advance. When Louis XII seized Milan for the second time, he held power until all Italian cities came out against him. At this time, the French king set in motion tough measures and carefully followed the manifestations of discontent.
In new principalities where people live in freedom, it is easier or more difficult to retain power, depending on how great the valor of the new prince is. Here, Machiavelli relies on two opposite examples. the first is Francesco Sforza who became the Duke of Milan, showing great valor, and easily kept the power that he inherited at the cost of many efforts. The second example is Cesare Borgia, or the Duke of Valentino, who acquired power about his father. but, having lost his father, he lost power
The main danger for the new government is represented by strong and noble ones. It is they who most lose when changing a ruler. It is important to precisely comply with the measure, taming the opposition, and it is safer to exterminate it: for a minor evil, a person will try to take revenge, and after a big resentment he will not have the strength to do so.
Conclusion
Machiavelli considered issues of the individual, society, politics and the state separately from generally accepted morality or from morality that was defined by specific individuals or society without relying on morality imposed by the church.