N.F. Dobrynin's analysis
The problem of attention has been at the centre of N. F. Dobrynin's scientific interests for many years. the most provisions of the approach to its answer were developed within the late twenties - early thirties. Even then, once explaining the phenomena of attention Dobryninin uses the classes of temperament and activity. "On the premise of Marxist understanding of temperament and its activity it's necessary to stress the most leading options within the definition of attention, to administer associate degree correct and thoroughgoing description of its manifestations, to search out out the explanations for its incidence and course. At an equivalent time, they're given a definition of attention because the focus and concentration of mental activity and explained: "By orientation we have a tendency to mean alternative|the selection} of activity and maintenance of this choice. By focus, we have a tendency to perceive the deepening of this activity and exclusion, distraction from the other activity. the primary a part of the definition describes attention as a development that takes the shape of 2 characteristics of mental activity - orientation and concentration. This half encompasses a descriptive character, is well in line with wisdom, however doesn't reveal the content of attention as a method that, in keeping with Dobryninin, could be a style of personal activity. the most linguistics load so falls on the second a part of the definition, that refers to the selection of activity, its maintenance, deepening during this activity and exclusion from others. Here, in fact, we have a tendency to area unit talking a few whole cluster of processes, the thing of that is that the activity itself, and therefore the operate is that the direction and keeping it in a very sure direction. Dobrynin has repeatedly explained his definition within the future, warning against misinterpretations that either eliminate the specificity of attention or separate attention from activity. He stressed that "attention could be a special reasonably mental activity, expressed within the alternative and maintenance of sure processes of this activity. This alternative is amid a level of attention, creating the chosen activity clear and distinct. In one in every of his last works Dobrynin wrote: "Attention is outlined because the orientation and concentration of consciousness on some object. we have a tendency to believe it's additional acceptable to outline attention because the focus and concentration of consciousness on activities with objects.
Research by P. Y. Galperin
П. Я. Halperin defines attention because the ideal, looped and automatic management action. The philosophical system of attention as a operate of management is associate degree integral a part of the speculation of gradual formation of mental actions. The latter could be a general psychological construct supported a peculiar understanding of the topic of science, the role of the psyche in behavior and a special methodology of investigation of mental processes (forming experiment). Attention could be a product of development of external, subject and careful management activity within the style of internal. suggests that and ways in which of management someone finds within the close reality. reckoning on the specifics of this development, differing types of attention area unit obtained. Involuntary attention develops impromptu, here the route and suggests that of management area unit set by the thing and therefore the current states of the topic. discretional attention is created then and to the extent that the method of its development becomes systematic. discretional attention could be a results of coaching, within which a special task is ready and socially developed samples, suggests that and strategies of management of this kind of activity area unit given. General attention skills and skills in every individual case ought to be such that, careful and figured out in reference to an exact form of activity. Attention coaching in several styles of activities reveal the likelihood of forming a generalized management or attentiveness generally. Galperin thought-about the results of S.L. Kabylnitskaya's experimental analysis to be the decisive proof of his attention theory. during this work, a bit-by-bit formation of management over the search and correction of errors of basic cognitive process (omissions and replacements of letters, syllables and words of written text) was administrated among schoolchildren. The results of generalization of the fashioned management in several things and on the premise of various tasks testify, in keeping with the authors, that "in its final ideal and abbreviated kind the management over any productive action neither in look, nor in result doesn't dissent from what's referred to as attention (at performance of this action) - from its attentive performance. Why not take into account it as attention? it's the responsibility of these WHO can assert that spotlight are a few things else to prove it.
Cognitive psychology research
The majority of modern attention research is carried out in the framework of foreign cognitive psychology, which began with the analysis of attention and memory. At the first stage of its development, it was under the powerful influence of Gestalt psychology, cybernetics and methodological guidelines of neo-feudorism. The field of cognitive psychology is defined as the study of the processes of receiving, storing, reproducing and using information. In contrast to various variants of behaviorism, the internal activity of the subject is asserted and emphasized here. At the same time, cognitive psychology tries to adhere to a strictly scientific approach to the study of human cognitive activity. This is expressed in the high status and careful planning of laboratory experiments, the mandatory application of procedures of statistical processing of results, in disbelief to the metaphorical language of description of psychological mechanisms and phenomena, in the desire for clear definitions and elimination of any kind of ambiguities at all stages of scientific work. Many cognitive psychologists believe that it is better to be mistakenly accurate than vaguely right when defining any concepts for the benefit of the case.
However, an increasing number of psychologists are finding that it is not possible to answer the question of the essence of attention through purely experimental research at this time. It is necessary to formulate and seriously discuss this problem on the basis of a wider database and a solid methodological basis, and to solve a set of theoretical questions that are not available for direct experimental development. The notion of attention continues to attract those psychologists who are not directly involved in the problem, as it provides a simple and coherent explanation of a wide variety of psychological phenomena.