The most pressing issue is the issue of high-rise buildings in the world and the scale of skyscrapers construction is expanding. The history of high-rise construction in New York begins at the end of the 19th century, in the period when the center of high-rise buildings construction from Chicago passed. During this period the time of formation is formed, when the main schemes of skyscraper construction are revealed. The Chicago school made a great contribution to the development of high-rise construction and the formation of architectural form in high-rise construction of New York City, which led to the creation of the American style of Art Deco as a "style of skyscrapers".
The concentration of industrial production has led to the development of complex management systems. This fact required the creation of a new type of large business building. Thus, the first high-rise office buildings appeared in the main districts of New York.
Modern high-rise construction is based on many factors, such as economic, social, architectural, technological and many others, a number of which were first used in the late 19th century in the United States.
In the course of work it is necessary to trace the beginning of formation of high-rise building in the city of New York by concentration of the center of architectural innovation, to consider directions of the given period and consequences of prompt development of building by the end of 19th century.
Rapid development of the formation of the architectural form of high-rise buildings without any restrictions led to the rapid development of the territory. This served to adopt the law, which divided the city into zones (business, industrial, residential), and regulated their use, as well as set limits on the height and size of the building. According to the zoning law, architects had to design all buildings in the form of a cube or parallelogram. Restrictions in zoning heights in New York City resulted in the formation of new solutions in the construction of skyscrapers, which were based on a clear geometry, architects began to work through the volume and mass of structures, shapes and silhouettes. The new system of construction of high-rise buildings "vertically - horizontally - vertically" was formed, which replaced the high-rise composition, made horizontally or in the form of a classical column.
The new system formed the first stage of the building, which started from the level of 45-60m. The form of the skyscraper was also regulated by law. The height of the highest part of the building had no restrictions, but its area should not exceed 25% of the area of the site. According to Art Deco's American style, within the limits of the zoning law, designers had to take into account not only the norms of correlation of the volume and weight of buildings with the width of the street, but also take into account the indentation from the so-called "red line" and the requirements of inclusion of elements of the urban infrastructure of the mandatory natural lighting.
When building to a certain height, it was necessary to retreat from the street to the interior of the block, which contributed to the penetration of light and air. The building models were powerful, massive, pointed towers, which were multistage and created a sharp light and shade modeling of volumes, making the buildings both heavy and at the same time expressively shaped.
So, there was a change in the traditional design of skyscrapers in New York City. High-rise buildings began to differ in their asymmetrical construction of a stepped composition. For the first time the prerequisites for changes in the design of buildings are considered in the works of architects H. Ferris, H. Corbett and R. Hood. A great deal of attention was paid to the works of H. Ferris, where urban concepts determined the great contribution of the architect to the process of forming the image of skyscrapers in New York City.
Studying the period of formation of high-rise construction in New York in 1890-1910, it is possible to draw conclusions that on this period there was a construction boom which has generated the architectural form of high-rise buildings. During this period, the American style of Art Deco was born as "the style of skyscrapers", which laid in the construction of high-rise buildings simplicity and straightforwardness. In work the basic criteria of formation of high-rise building have been defined, process of creation of a skyscraper, as new type of buildings under the influence of some factors has been shown.
- Features of construction of New York skyscrapers, the height and weight of which was not limited to the adoption of the law on zoning of heights, were studied.
- The consequences of the rapid development of high-rise construction architecture without any restrictions on the form and location of buildings in the industrial centers of the city are formed.
- New features of skyscrapers construction with asymmetrical construction of a stepped type are revealed.