Features of pre-Petrovsk gardens: mostly regular composition techniques. This is the kind of
The fruit orchards of Kiev, Volodymyr and
of Moscow in the early period, as well as Moscow's HUP gardens in. The best traditions of oriental art, primarily Byzantium, were used in the construction.
Hopper gardens (Kremlin and monastery complexes), mainly flower gardens and some fruit gardens were widely spread.
Combination of utilitarian and decorative tasks. In the gardens
fruit plantations, medications and
aromatic herbs, vast meadows from which hay was mown. Free arrangement of all parts of the manor with regard to
natural landscape (free combination of regular parts
manor houses).
Lack of ensemble unity and axial solution in the layout. The gardens were not designed as a single whole in advance, but appeared as separate inclusions in the forest and massifs. As a rule, they were fenced off, which gave them a closed character (Round Garden, Prosyansky Garden, Poteshnye Gardens of Izmailova, etc.).
Wide spread of artificially planted groves
of the same species of trees (cedar, birch, oak).
6 Water bodies were of utilitarian and decorative importance (they raised fish and swans).
7 There were many fragrant flowers in the gardens (a purely Russian feature). National methods of Russian gardens, developed in Kiev and Dopetrovsk Russia, was developed in the subsequent historical period - in the HUSH century.
Russian regular parks of HUSH in.
They were created in the spirit of Peter's transformations. The basis of the composition of the regular park of this time is to create a solemn environment for the palace. This was answered by the unity of the ensemble, regularity, clarity of the organization of space, disclosure of distant horizons, greatness, solemnity, etc. Everything corresponded to the spirit of the time. The great transformations that began in society were reflected in garden compositions that demonstrated the greatness of the human mind, its power over nature.
Characteristic features:
Abundance of water bodies (extended water system and its extraordinary diversity).
Close connection of the composition with the water space of the Gulf of Finland, Neva, Moika, Fontanka. Presence of a harbor, marina or access canals (Summer Garden, Peterhof, Ekaterinhof, Strelna, Oranienbaum, etc.)
Birch, linden, fruit trees, apple trees, cherry trees, juniper, spruce, cowberry, i.e. local plants that withstood the harsh St. Petersburg climate were planted in large numbers. Boxwood and yew are extinct in Russian gardens.
4 Great role of lawn. Distribution of various pavilions, including bird houses.
Garden and park art of Peter's time had obvious links with the traditions of gardens and parks in the past. In this regard, it is characteristic of: a) the picturesque combination of architecture with the surrounding nature (especially in seaside residences); b) utilitarian use of plantations (in the basket - berry bushes, vegetable gardens, meadows - herbs, c) the arrangement of hanging gardens (in the middle of the HUSH in the village of Kherson). - (d) Country estate planning techniques with regular gardens located among the natural forest (as in Izmailovo) were partially transferred to St. Petersburg; e) Fish ponds, linden, oak and birch groves were built in the estates of St. Petersburg.
In Petrovskie gardens and parks there is a visible commonality with the Western European park construction. In particular, it concerns regular receptions: the geometrical scheme of the plan, the arrangement of vegetation in the form of shoes, the organization of water devices, parterres. But their combination varied under the influence of local conditions. As a result, independent works of garden art were created.
Among the most famous ensembles of Peter the Great time it is necessary to allocate Summer garden (favourite city residence of Peter I) and Peterhof (countryside residence of the Russian emperor). The light garden was founded in 1704 at the command and initial plan of Peter the Great (layout and garden structures - architect D. Trezzini, K.B. Leblon, M.G. Zemtsov, V.B. Rastrelli, garden masters J.Rosen, I.Surmin). The garden was laid out in 1704-1730 and had a strict geometric structure. It was decorated with numerous sculpture groups, statues and busts made by Italian masters of the end of the 17th - first quarter of the 18th centuries and antiques .
On the first Thursday of the 18th century, assemblies, court festivities, and receptions in honor of foreign ambassadors were held in the Summer Garden. From the middle of the HUSH century. - This is a place of aristocratic festivities. At that time there were about 50 fountains here. The garden sculpture was placed in series of four, eight statues, connected by the unity of the composition and content: the time of day, year, etc. Whereas in 1736 there were 200 sculptures, now there are only 89. As for the flora, there were lindens from Holland, Voronezh, Novgorod, Kiev, chestnuts from Hamburg, lilacs from Danzig, tulips from Holland, and fragrant flowers from Izmailov. The bosquettes were encased with a sheared yellow acacia.
"to be continued in the next part"
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