A LITTLE BIT ABOUT AGE PECULIARITIES
Only a year has passed since the man was born, but what a huge change has occurred in this short time. Recently, a helpless child has been on his feet, shyly at first, and then increasingly confidently taking his first steps into the infinite world before him.
Your child is now in direct contact with a wider range of objects. He begins to understand a lot, learn to think, to speak.
However, the physical and neuro-psychological condition of the baby is still unstable and fragile. His body is not strong enough and needs careful care. He is still very susceptible to various diseases.
In the second and third years of life, the growth rate of the child compared to the first somewhat slows down: in the second year he grows by about 10 cm, and for the third - by 8 cm, the body weight increases annually by 2.5-2 kg.
From 2 to 3 years of age, the child's bone system is not yet fully developed: the skeleton is mainly made up of cartilage tissue and therefore the spine is easily distorted due to incorrectly selected shoes, etc. As a result, the baby may have early posture disorders.
Up to 3 years old, children develop muscles intensively; and ligaments and joints. Compared to adults, they have more mobile joints, which depends on more elasticity of muscles, tendons, ligaments. The muscular system of a young child is still underdeveloped, the total muscle mass of the child is only 25% of the body weight, and of an adult - at least 40-43%.
It has its own peculiarities and blood circulation system. In the early years, it undergoes great changes. Pulse rate in a 2-year-old is 110-115 beats per minute, in a 3-year-old - 95-110.
The upper respiratory tracts of young children are relatively narrow, the mucous membrane lining them is rich in lymphatic and blood vessels, with any inflammatory phenomena easily swells and makes it difficult to breathe.
For the second and third year of life, the digestive system is improved significantly. The volume of the stomach increases: its capacity in a one-year-old child is 250 ml, in a three-year-old - 400 ml. The chewing machine is formed, which allows you to cope well with dense food. Practically three-year-old baby's diet is approaching that of an adult.
Very large changes occur in the central nervous system. If in the first few months the nerve cells of the brain are not yet formed centers (such as motor, visual, etc.), then by the age of three their structure is already quite complete. And this provides the ability to consciously react to the environment, to improve the movement, to develop speech. At this age, the child acquires a lot of useful skills and abilities, he has strongly developed emotions.
Endurance of the nervous system increases significantly, and increases efficiency. He can already be more awake and less asleep. Therefore, from 1.5 years of age it is enough to sleep during the day only once.
But at the same time, the features of the higher nervous activity of children of this age are such that they are not capable of prolonged inhibition (can not be in the same position for a long time) and a long wait, quickly tired of monotonous actions, such as walking in one direction.
The child's speech develops especially intensively. At the age of one year, with normal development, a child usually pronounces consciously 8-10 words, at 2 years of age his vocabulary is 300 words, and by the end of the third year up to 1300 words. By this time, he already speaks sentences, using introductory words, appendages, asks a lot of questions, which clearly manifests his inquisitive, inquisitive mind.
What do you need to know about the laws of child development?
First of all, the peculiarities of his development in different age periods. This will make it possible to impose such requirements on the child, which would correspond to his or her abilities. Otherwise, your educational techniques will not be effective, and can even damage.
At the age of 1 to 3 years you can distinguish 3 periods, each of which has its own laws:
- From 1 year to 1.5 years - the child can already walk independently, begins to master speech, gets some skills;
- From 1.5 to 2 years - the achieved results are consolidated in more than
at an early age of skill;
- 2 to 3 years of age - age of rapid development of speech
and mental development.
