The concept of political leadership.
Political leadership is a way of interaction between the leader and the masses, in which the leader has a significant influence on society, which is characterized by the following characteristics
1) as a rule, there is no direct influence between the national leader and the society, it is mediated by parties, interest groups, media
2) is multirole in nature, the leader is focused on the consent of various social interests.
3) corporate, the decisions made by the leader are based on the work of his environment
4) institutionalized, i.e. the leader's activity is limited to social relations, norms, decision-making procedures
There are several theories of gender. leadership:
(a) The theory of "personality traits": individuals with certain dominant traits become leaders. Cattel, Stace: Moral maturity, ability to influence others, character integrity, enterprise, insight, etc. Mann: intelligence, ability to influence people, sensitivity
b) situational theory characterizes leadership as a derivative of a certain situation. This means that each specific situation requires a leader with certain features and qualities of a leader
c) the theories of constituents, in which proposals were made on the impact of the expectations of the followers on the realization of their interests and the leader's actions
d) psychoanalytic theories. 3 directions:
- psychoanalytical direction focuses on unconscious drives and complexes that determine both the desire for power and specific features of its implementation
- motivational - focuses on studying the influence of various motifs, their combinations on the gender. activities, style and the decisions made by the top management
- Applied - investigates possible decision-making strategies
Toolkit: Styles of Leadership, Gender Leadership Typology for Weber
Leadership style - a set of methods and techniques of activity of a gender leader; a hard-rather of interaction with members of groups and followers. 3 styles:
1) authoritarian - emphasis on severe threats, orders, the leader requires unconditional obedience
2) democratic - for successful achievement of the goals, the activity and initiative of the group members is encouraged
3) non-interference - the leader is an observer who does not express his attitude to events and opinions.
According to Weber:
1) Traditional, based on traditions, customs and habits of subordination of followers
2) Charismatic, based on belief in outstanding leadership skills
3) rational and legal (bureaucratic), carried out on the basis of laws
Civilian movements.
Civil movements are a concept for voluntary self-governing associations, which are characterized by the following features:
1) are created on the basis of common interests to achieve common goals;
2) do not have a clear organizational framework and strong centers;
3) are not directly included in the state and party structures;
4) influence the authorities by criticizing public authorities or cooperating with them.
Common features of civil movements that distinguish them from parties.
z Wider and vague ideological and political orientation of movements and narrower and more specific goals than those of parties. This allows people with different political views to participate in the movement, but who support a specific political goal, which makes it possible for movements to take on a wide range of activities.
- Lack of a single program, charter.
- Lack of a strong center, a single structure, discipline.
- Lack of involvement in power structures, but desire to influence them.
- The core may be independent initiative groups or committees or commissions established by parties.
There are various variants of relations between civil movements and parties.
- Independent civil movements do not enter into any relationship with the party and do not want to associate themselves with the party.
- The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or bloc of parties in order to involve the masses of non-partisans in the struggle for the proposed political task.
- Parties can take control and lead movements.
- In some cases, when the tasks are too complex, they require long efforts, access to the levers of power, and civil movements are transformed into parties.
There are many types of civil movements:
- From the point of view of attitude to the existing system of the movement, it is conservative, reformatory and revolutionary;
- ideologically, they are liberal-democratic, conservative, and socialist;
- on the national basis - national liberation, for the self-determination of the nation, cultural and national autonomy, etc.
- Demographics: youth, students, etc.
- the degree of organization - spontaneous, disparate, poorly organized, highly organized;
- international, regional, national, state and republican in scale;
- methods and methods of action - legal, illegal, formal, informal, peaceful or violent.
Civil society movements perform important functions:
- Condensate the interests and sentiments of a wide range of heterogeneous segments of the population;
- put forward interests, develop ways to achieve them;
- create a large political force focused on a specific political task;
- Lead mass demonstrations, organize non-violent and sometimes violent demonstrations.