Moving in space relative to the Sun, the stars not only from time to time cross the boundaries of the constellations, but also change their distance from us, and hence the visible shine.
Patrick Moore, referring to the calculations of Jocelyn Tomkin, gives a list of stars that have become or will become the brightest lights of our sky over the past and next few million years. Of course, it was assumed that the luminosity of these stars will remain unchanged, and their visible luster changes only because of distance. In addition, the possibility of an unexpected and, as a rule, short-term increase in the shine of other luminaries - new, supernovae and other variables - was not taken into account. Such events occur regularly, and we are not yet able to predict them. For example, the shine of the Chinese world usually does not rise above 2m, but sometimes increases to 1.7m, and in 1772 reached 1.2m. The incorrect variable γ of Cassiopeia in 1936 reached 1.6m and then did not rise above 2.2m. But the most unpredictable and passionate character is demonstrated by the very massive star η Kiel (η Car). For the first time, it was included in the catalog of Edmund Halley in 1677 as a star 4m, but by 1730 it became one of the brightest stars in the constellation of Kiel. By 1782, however, it had faded considerably and became inaccessible to observation, but in 1820 its luster began to increase again. In 1843, it increased its luster to -0.8m for some time, becoming the second brightest after Sirius, and between 1900 and 1940 its visual luster fell again to 8m, making the star inaccessible to the naked eye. Now the luster of this restless giant has grown to 6.2m, probably in the near future (on a scale of a million years) mono expect the explosion of this massive star.
Let's go back to the stars' own names. Some outstanding (but not the brightest) stars are often named after astronomers who first described their unique properties. For example, the "flying star of Barnard" is named after the American astronomer Edward Emerson Barnard, who discovered in 1916 her own record-breaking movement in the sky. It is followed by the "Captain's Star", named after the Dutch astronomer Jacobus Cornelius Captain, who discovered this fact. Also known as Gershel's pomegranate star (dark red μ Cep), van Maanen's star (the closest single white dwarf), and van Bisbroek's star (a record-breaking light), "Plasquetta star" (record-breakingly massive double star), "Babcock star" (shone with a record-breakingly strong magnetic field) and some more, in total about two dozen wonderful stars. It should be noted that these names are not approved by anyone: astronomers use them unofficially as a sign of respect for the work of their colleagues.
Przybylski's star
For example, let's take the "star of Przybylski", whose unusual properties were discovered in 1960. It is located in the southern sky, in the constellation of Centauri, and is not visible from the territory of Russia. But in the southern latitudes, it can be seen by anyone who wants to see it, if he has binoculars: the star is quite bright, the 8th stellar size. Its surface is twice as hot as that of the Sun, and it's chemical composition is quite unusual - such stars are attributed to the spectral class Ar. The Polish astronomer Antonin Przybylski (1913-1986), a man with a very interesting destiny, discovered and studied this amazing star; he did his research in Australia at the Mount Stromlo Observatory. Over the past half-century, astronomers have explored thousands of other unusual stars (and hundreds of thousands of "ordinary" stars have been studied to find them), but there has probably not been a more amazing luminary than the star of Przybylski.
In this star, the content of elements of iron group is tens times lower than usual, which is typical for the overwhelming majority of other stars. On the other hand, it has many chemical elements of the lanthanide group, which are extremely rare both on Earth and in space. In the Mendeleev table, lanthanoids are highlighted in a separate line below; they are very similar in their chemical properties to each other, and for their low natural concentration they are called "rare-earth elements". Among all lanthanides, the star Przybylski has a lot of holmium, a heavy metal close in weight to tungsten, platinum, and gold. Golmium is so rare on Earth that its properties have not been studied in detail yet, and it has not been found at all on any space body except for the star of Przybylski! It seems that all the Holmium of our Galaxy has gathered on this star. Przybylski's star cannot be explained and will probably remain a mystery for a long time to come
As his colleagues write, the astronomer Antonin Przybylski himself was an extremely modest man. He would not have had the head to give the star his name. But everybody has been calling this unique star of Przybylski's "star" since its opening.
Poppers star
Another little-known example is Popper's star. This first star with extremely high helium content was discovered by astronomer Daniel Popper in 1942, but only a few dozen similar stars have been discovered so far. All of them are almost free of hydrogen but very rich in helium. The luminosity of such stars is extremely high for their mass. The Popper star itself, with a mass of 1M (sun), has a luminosity of 10000M (sun) and a radius of 13R (sun). Only in 2006 has it been finally figured out how such stars are formed. Two white dwarfs in a tight double system gradually approach each other and eventually merge into one star, resulting in the human body in this conglomerate reacting thermonuclearly.
Since we are discussing the names of the stars, we need to remember about the Sakurai object in the constellation of Sagittarius. In 1996 it was discovered by a Japanese astronomer-lover of Sakurai: this is probably the second example after Gershel's Pomegranate Star, when the sun shone outside the solar system was named after a science lover. The Sakurai site is often referred to as the fastest-growing of all known stars. In 1996, the object was the size of the Earth and had a surface temperature of about 50,000 K (a typical young white dwarf), and after only six months it increased hundreds of times and turned into a yellow supergiant with a temperature of about 6,000 K, wrapped in an opaque shell of carbon dust. This dying star, the core of the planetary nebula, seems to have demonstrated the last helium outbreak. Discovering such rare objects makes it an honor for professional astronomers and even more so for amateurs.
Of course, no diplomas "for ownership" of the names of stars are not given to their discoverers. Over time, such names of stars are usually forgotten. Only their dry catalogs remain, and the names of old astronomers, who are not familiar to the next generation of researchers, are no longer mentioned. As we can see, in this matter astronomers are more modest than biologists who make their names an official part of the names of animals and plants.