For sunflower the technology of obtaining haploids by the method of androgenesis in vitro seems to be perspective, but at the moment it is poorly developed. The regenerated plants are usually of somatic origin. The aim of this work was to study microspore morphogenesis in the culture of anthers in vitro sunflower. For inoculation of the anthers, baskets were sterilized, flowers were isolated from the outermost rows of the basket. Dust was placed on the MS nutrient medium, with different variants of phytohormones and sucrose content. The condition of microspores was cytologically assessed every 5 days during the month.
It was found that cultivation of tetrades did not lead to further morphogenesis. Even in the case of decomposition of tetrades into separate microspores, they continued to remain single-nuclei, with the nucleus occupying the entire volume of the cell, and the shell remaining thin without spikes. It is known that microspores inoculated in vitro inoculated in the premium stage can develop along normal and abnormal pathways. Accordingly, dinuclear cells with small and large nuclei (presumably vegetative and generative nuclei) and tri-nuclei with one large (presumably vegetative) and two small (generative) nuclei were found. The shell of such microspores thickened and spikes formed, i.e. a normal pollen grain was formed. In other cases, equal division of the nucleus in several variants of 2 large nuclei, 2 small nuclei, with or without cell wall formation, crushing of one of the two nuclei, including the formation of callus-like structures, was observed, in exceptional cases, the formation of multinucleus cells. The bulk of microspores remained viable, remained single-nucleus, and cell walls were significantly thickened, up to and including changes in the geometry of the cells' internal space.
Properties of flower honey
Burzyanskiy hive honey is famous all over the world for its taste, which is due to the presence of pollen and nectar Tilia cordata (linden cardiac). The linden is one of the first-class honey plants. Blossoms from the beginning of July for 10-15 days. Sweetness of plantations reaches 800-1000 kg/ha. During linden blossoming, beehives collect up to 10-14 kg of honey per day. In Bashkortostan, linden gives up to 70-80% of all commercial honey. Honey produced by honey bees from nectar is called linden. According to the requirements of GOST 19792, the content of pollen grains of linden in honey should be at least 30% (Kosarev, 2006).
The majority of organoleptic and physicochemical parameters of the Burzian centrifuged honey were studied by the staff of "Shulgan-Tash" Reserve. According to these data, Burzian centrifuged honey has a pleasant sweet taste without foreign smell and taste, has a mass fraction of water - 19.2% (according to GOST - no more than 21%), a mass fraction of sucrose no more than 5.3% (according to GOST - no more than 7%), a mass fraction of reducing sugars no less than 89.6% (according to GOST - no less than 82%), has a diastase number of no less than 21.2 units. Gotha (according to GOST - not less than 7); it is distinguished by total acidity not more than 0.75 (according to GOST - not more than 4) (Kosarev, 2006). In the course of our researches pollen composition of 9 samples of hive honey, taken at apiaries of "Shulgan-Tash" Reserve, was studied.
Taxonomic belonging of pollen was determined to the species level. Repetition of the experience is three times. Honey analysis showed that all samples were dominated by pollen Tilia cordata. The content of pollen grains of this species in the samples varies from 52 to 79%. The main parchans include Filipendula ulmaria (labazole) (2-14%) and Origanum vulgare (common oregano) (0.3-8%), pollen of which is found in all samples. The total number of species identified in the samples varies from 11 to 32.
In studying the seasonal variability of the hive honey composition, it was found that the main pollen collection takes place in the second half of summer. During this period, bees collect from 59% to 82% of pollen. Perganos of the first half of summer provide 10-25% of the total harvest. The content of late summer and autumn pollen grains in hive honey does not exceed 10% and varies from 0.5 to 9.5%. Spring pollen species of parchanos are absent in half of the samples, and in those samples, where it was found, its content does not exceed 2%. In general, in addition to linden, bees prefer pollen from the Rosaceae, Apiaceae and Lamiaceae families. Thus, pollen analysis has allowed to reveal full conformity of honey samples to GOST in terms of linden pollen content.
Karyological characteristics of endemic
Oxytropis spicata (Pall.) O. et V. Fedtsch. (seed Leguminosae) - endemic of the Southern Urals, where it grows in the steppes and on limestone rocks. It is protected in a number of natural monuments: "Balkantau", "Karlamanskaya cave", etc. The purpose of our work is to study and compare the cariest characteristics of Oxytropis spicata plants from the natural populations of the Southern.
"to be continued in the next part"
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