Anaemia is a decrease in the number of red blood cells in the blood – red blood cells below 4,0x109/l, or a decrease in hemoglobin levels below 130 g/l in men and below 120 g/l in women. Anemia in pregnancy is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin below 110 g / l.
This is not an independent disease, anemia occurs as a syndrome in a number of diseases and leads to a violation of the supply of oxygen to all organs and tissues of the body, which, in turn, provokes the development of many other diseases and pathological conditions.
Severity
Depending on the concentration of hemoglobin, it is customary to allocate three degrees of severity of anemia:
anemia of the 1st degree is registered when the level of hemoglobin is reduced by more than 20% of the normal rate;
anemia 2 degree is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin by about 20-40% of the normal level;
anemia 3 degrees — the most severe form of the disease, when hemoglobin is reduced by more than 40% of the normal rate.
Unambiguously show, that have ailing-1 degree of or same more heavy stage of can only analysis blood.
Reasons
What it is: anemia, that is, anemia — is nothing but a lack of hemoglobin in the blood. Namely, hemoglobin carries oxygen through all tissues of the body. That is, anemia is caused by a lack of oxygen in the cells of all organs and systems.
The nature of power. With insufficient use of iron-containing foods, iron deficiency anemia can develop, which is more typical for groups of the population where there is already a high level of alimentary anemia;
Violation of the gastrointestinal tract (with violations of the suction process). Since the absorption of iron occurs in the stomach and the upper part of the small intestine, in violation of the absorption process, the mucous membrane of the digestive tract, this disease develops.
Chronic blood loss (gastrointestinal bleeding, nosebleeds, hemoptysis, hematuria, uterine bleeding). It belongs to one of the main causes of iron deficiency.
Thus, the cause of anemia can be considered a lack of iron in the body, which entails a lack of hemoglobin and, as a consequence, insufficient supply of blood to the body.
anemia 3
Deficiency anemia
The most common form of anemia. It is based on a violation of the synthesis of hemoglobin (oxygen carrier) due to iron deficiency. It is manifested by dizziness, noise in the ears, flashing of flies before the eyes, shortness of breath, heartbeat. There are dry skin, pallor, in the corners of the mouth there are jams, cracks. Typical manifestations are brittle and layered nails, their peppery streak.
Aplastic anemia
This is often acquired acute, subacute or chronic disease of the blood system, which is based on a violation of the hematopoietic function of the bone marrow, namely a sharp decrease in its ability to produce blood cells.
Sometimes aplastic anemia begins acutely and develops rapidly. But more often the disease occurs gradually and does not manifest bright symptoms for a long time.The symptoms of aplastic anemia include all the symptoms characteristic of a lack of red blood cells, platelets and leukocytes in the blood.
B12-deficiency anemia
Occurs when the body lacks vitamin B12, which is necessary for the growth and maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow, as well as for the proper functioning of the nervous system. For this reason, one of the distinctive symptoms of B12-deficiency anemia are tingling and numbness in the fingers, shaky gait.
In the blood red blood cells are found special enlarged form. Lack of vitamin B12 can be observed in the elderly, in diseases of the digestive tract, in the presence of parasites-tapeworms.
Hemolytic anemia
Hemolysis occurs under the influence of antibodies. These may be maternal antibodies directed against the red blood cells of the child when the child and mother are incompatible by RH antigen and much less often by AVO antigens. Antibodies against their own red blood cells can be active at normal temperature or only when cooled.
They may appear for no apparent reason or in connection with the fixation on red blood cells alien to the body incomplete antigens-haptens.
Trappings
Let's list the main signs of anemia that can disturb a person.
pallor of the skin;
increased pulse and breathing;
fast fatigability;
headache;
dizziness;
tinnitus;
spots in eyes;
muscular weakness;
difficulty concentrating;
irritability;
lethargy;
slight rise in temperature.
Symptoms of anemia
Among the symptoms of anemia are considered to be leading manifestations directly related to hypoxia. The degree of clinical manifestations depends on the severity of the decrease in the number of hemoglobin.
With a mild degree (hemoglobin level 115-90 g / l), there may be General weakness, fatigue, decreased concentration.
With an average (90-70 g / l), patients complain of shortness of breath, heart palpitations, frequent headache, sleep disturbance, tinnitus, decreased appetite, lack of sexual desire. Patients differ pallor of the skin.
In the case of severe (hemoglobin less than 70 g/l) develop symptoms of heart failure.
In anemia, symptoms in many cases do not manifest themselves. Detect disease can be only under laboratory tests blood.
symptoms of anemia
Diagnosis of diseases
In order to understand how to treat anemia, it is important to determine its type and cause of development. The main method of diagnosis of this disease is the study of the patient's blood.
Normal values of the amount of hemoglobin in the blood are considered:
for men 130-160 grams per liter of blood.
for women 120-147 g / l.
for pregnant women, the lower limit of the norm is 110g\l.
Treatment of anemia
Naturally, methods of treatment of anemia radically differ depending on the type of anemia that caused its causes and severity. But the basic principle of treatment of anemia of any kind is one-it is necessary to fight the cause that caused the decrease in hemoglobin.
In anemia caused by loss of blood, it is necessary as soon as possible to stop the bleeding. With a large blood loss, life-threatening, apply transfusion of donor blood.
When iron deficiency anemia should eat foods rich in iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid (they improve iron absorption and hematopoietic processes), the doctor may also prescribe drugs containing these substances. Often effective are folk remedies.
In anemia, provoked by infectious diseases and intoxication, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease, carrying out urgent measures to detoxify the body.
In the case of anemia, an important condition for treatment is a healthy lifestyle — proper balanced diet, alternation of stress and rest. It is also necessary to avoid contact with chemical or toxic substances and petroleum products.
Food
An important component of treatment is a diet with foods rich in substances and trace elements that are necessary for the process of hematopoiesis. What foods should you eat with anemia in a child and an adult? Here's the list:
meat, sausages;
offal-especially liver;
fish;
egg yolk;
whole wheat flour products;
seeds-pumpkin, sunflower, sesame;
nuts - especially pistachios;
spinach, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, fennel, parsley leaves;
beet;
black currant;
sprouts, wheat germ;
apricots, prunes, figs, dates;
Caffeine-containing beverages (e.g. tea, coffee, Cola) should be avoided, especially during meals, as caffeine interferes with iron absorption.
Iron preparations for anemia
Anemia 2preparaty iron under anemia far more are effective. Absorption of this microelement in the digestive tract from iron preparations is 15-20 times higher than from food.
This allows you to effectively use iron products in anemia: quickly raise hemoglobin, restore iron reserves, eliminate General weakness, fatigue and other symptoms.
Ferretab composite (0154g iron fumarate and 0.0005 g folic acid). Additionally, it is desirable to receive ascorbic acid in a daily dose of 0.2-0.3 g).
Sorbifer durules ( 0.32 g of iron sulfate and 0.06 g of vitamin C) is available in pills daily dosage depending on the degree of anemia 2-3 times a day.
Totem-available in bottles of 10 milliliters, the content of elements tkoe same as in sorbifer . It is used internally, can be diluted with water, it is possible to appoint it with intolerance to tableted forms of iron. The daily dose of 1-2 admission.
Fenyuls (0.15 g, iron sulfate, 0.05 g of vitamin C, vitamins B2, B6, 0, 005 g of calcium Pantothenate.
Vitamin B12 in ampoules of 1 ml 0.02% and 0.05%.
Folic acid tablets of 1 mg.
Ampoule iron preparations for intramuscular and intravenous administration are sold only by prescription and require injections only in hospital because of the high frequency of allergic reactions to these drugs.
You should not take iron supplements together with drugs, reducing their absorption: Levomitsetin, calcium supplements, Tetracyclines, Antacids. As a rule, iron supplements are prescribed before meals, if the drug does not contain vitamin C, then an additional intake of ascorbic acid in a daily dose of 0.2-0.3 g is required.
For each patient, the daily need for iron is specially calculated, as well as the duration of treatment, the absorption of a particular prescribed drug and the iron content in it is taken into account. Usually long-term courses of treatment are appointed, within 1,5-2 months therapeutic doses are accepted, and in the next 2-3 months – preventive.
Aftermath
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