Part 3
In the 13th century, there were cycles of paintings in Westminster, St. Albany and Winchester Cathedrals. A masterpiece of English Gothic painting — a condo in the chapel of the Bishop”s palace in Cricketer, depicting a Madonna with a baby. It is distinguished by the extraordinary subtlety of the contour drawing and delicate colorful scale, sustained in pink, blue and gold tones. In the XIV-XV centuries the English monumental painting preserved its originality. In rural churches there were images of Christ in the form of a simple plowman, inspired by the then popular religious poem of England “Vision of Peter the Great” in 1362. In this period, and formed and easel painting. Decorative beauty, rare craftsmanship, subtly noticed the characteristic details of the so-called Wilton Fold 1389, referred to the Franco-English school. On his right flap there is a Madonna with a baby, surrounded by apostles and angels, on the left there is a kneeling Richard XI among the saints. One of the early examples of the English portrait Painting — a large portrait of King Richard XIb” of Westminster Abbey, painted in the 1390s. This work has no analogues in the European art of that time in terms of its size and individuality of the image. In the XV century in England began to affect the influence of the Dutch school of painting — both in the portrait and in the monumental painting. An example is the series of wall paintings “Wonders of the Mother of God”, made in 1479-88. Baker in the chapel of Eton College. The historical events of the 15th century prevented the natural development of the national Renaissance style in English fine arts. In medieval England, jewelry and carving were already highly developed thanks to the Celtic and Anglo-Saxon traditions. Bone carving, carved stone crosses and slabs, book flats, jewelry with embossing, cloisonne enamel, filigree and inlaid show the perfection of English masters. The European fame has won “ the English embroidery refined on coloring and drawing. The art of exquisitely decorative ivory carving blossoms. “Decorated Gothic” is remarkable for its filigree carved finish of stone capitals, portals, arcades, while “perpendicular style”, which cultivated small forms of architecture, put forward virtuoso masters of woodworking, who reached a jewelry subtlety in the carving of floors, altar barriers, church benches. In the Gothic period, carpet weaving developed and the art of stained-glass windows, which had been known since Roman times, reached its peak. Professional bearers of folk music in medieval England were stray musicians and singers. They played various instruments and sang epic and heroic tales and folk songs of military, lyrical, love and joking content. Scottish, Irish, and Welsh folk music was particularly peculiar, which later aroused interest in it on the part of many outstanding musicians like Haydn, Beethoven, Link. In English and especially Scottish folklore, the importance of the ballad genre should be emphasized. In Celtic tribes folk singers were called bards. The knightly musical and poetic art of English troubadours, which flourished in the 13th century, was not influenced by folk music. The famous troubadour was King Richard the Lionheart. In the 14th century, minstrel brotherhoods emerged in cities. In the field of cult music in England was dominated by the Catholic “Gregorian” chorale. In the cult singing was introduced a parallel movement of two voices in terminal — a genome, and then three voices in terminal and Sextans — a foburdon. As early as in X century in cathedrals and churches of England there were big organs, as, for example, organ with 400 pipes in Winchester. One of the earliest examples of imitation polyphony in the field of secular music is a six-voiced double canon, the so-called “Summer Canon”, attributed to John Forest. At the end of the XIV and beginning of the XV centuries in England was formed a school of polyphonic, which was headed by the outstanding composer Unstable, the author of a large number of spiritual and secular works. Vocal episodes were introduced into stage performances. Music was an essential component of the performance. In the XIV-XV centuries, the development of mystery and morality, combining church subjects with elements of folk satire and farce. The mysteries were represented by handicraft guilds. The performances took place on squares and streets, and special two-storey mobile platforms-carts — pagers — served as stage stages. By the end of the 15th century, the transition from the religious to the secular themes was marked. Humanist scholars began to use the form of morality to promote new ideas. During the Renaissance in England, the idea of humanism was spread, and experimental science began to develop. One of the first figures in English The theologian John Colette was theologian of the Renaissance, who initiated the free study of the text of the Bible.
In 1516, one of the early works of Utopian socialism “Utopia” by Thomas More appeared. The search for new lands begins. So John Cabot discovered Labrador and Newfoundland. In the XIV century at Oxford University, the influence of Oriental, in particular Central Asian — In Sing, and Arab — In Rose, science and philosophy, with their inherent natural history trends, strongly affects. In this environment, a peculiar philosophy of Roger Bacon with its strong desire for experimental knowledge and interest in natural history and mathematics is formed. Innovative tendencies were also expressed by Dunce Scott”s nominal ism and, in particular, by William Occam. Nominal argued that ideas do not have an independent existence, that these are only “names” for groups of really existing separate things. In the XIII-XIV centuries the process of formation of the English nation began, which increased the role of the emerging English language. During this period, secular poetry appeared in English — a rhymed chronicle of Layamon”s “Brett” with ancient Celtic sagas about King Arthur, and knightly novels and novels, and folklore “disputes”, fabric, as well as works of religious lyrics “Moral Ode” and “Ormolu” by the monk ORMA. The wave of religious heresies and popular uprisings of the century is reflected in England”s allegorical poem “The Vision of Peter Paar”. In 1390 John Power, a poet of knighthood and ancient traditions, published his work “The Confession of Love”. In 1381, in the Latin poem “The Voice of the Dryer”, he fell down with anger on the uprising of Was Tyler. The founder of the English reformation, Willed, took part in the translation of the Bible into English. Geoffrey Chaucer, a major writer who began the early English Renaissance, was of great importance for the development of national literature and the formation of literary English. Chaucer”s optimism and humor, humanism and the people of his speech are reflected in all his works, especially Canterbury Stories. Since the end of the 14th century, wars and strife have led to the decline of English literature. Against the backdrop of numerous theological works, episode novels of knights and prose by the imitators of Chaucer, almost the only remarkable monument of this time is folk poetry, especially ballads about Robin Hood with their drama and folk humor.
The period XIV-XV centuries also includes the rudiments of dramatic poetry in the form of religious plays - mystery and morality and comicinterludes.