Part 2
The towers are slimmer, upward-facing, and the poles grow into bundles of marble trunks. The vivid decorative effect is created by the combination of arches and overturned “contracts” in the middle of the Cathedral in Wales. In the decoration, the luxurious floral ornamentation approaches the local nature. The best examples of this period are the cathedral in Explore, the western facade of the cathedral in York, the hall of the chapter at Westminster Abbey in London, the “Chapel of the Mother of God” in Ill. The plague epidemic — the “black death” of 1348-49 — exterminated most of the city”s skilled masters. This accelerated the end of the “decorated” Gothic — the golden age for masters of stone working. The town”s masters were replaced by rural masons. The result was the simplification of the main outlines of the buildings and the revival of folk traditions in architecture: the transfer of wooden structures in the stone frame and panel, intricate carved decor. These changes met the new social conditions. The formation of a centralized absolutist state and the consolidation of the nation encouraged the development of a national style. The secular tendencies in architecture intensified. Church construction quickly lost its leading role. Changes in public life required new architectural types and spatial solutions. In church architecture, “perpendicular style” is characteristic mainly for small structures — chapels, tombs, canopies. But it flourished in the university buildings of Oxford and Cambridge, where the “perpendicular” forms were kept until the end of the XVII century. Commercial and industrial corporations attached to the churches luxury shop chapels, erected richly finished Gilda houses and “banquet halls”. The rooms full of light with large windows are typical for this period. The free feeling of space was facilitated by the partial replacement of solid supports with consoles and the birth of a simplified “Tudor arch”. Especially significant is the decor of the endless series of “perpendiculars” running upwards and the most complicated jewelry weaving nerves of fan-shaped, mesh, cellular, star and other vaults. Losing constructive clarity, the vaults often turned into decorative ceilings carved from wood or resembling wooden structures.
The first expression of the “perpendicular style” is the rebuilt choir of the cathedral in Gloucester, a high hall with huge windows, a kind of stone lantern. This was followed by the Canterbury Cathedral, the York Glee Club, the vaults of Oxford Cathedral, the magnificent chapels in Westminster Abbey, and university and workshop buildings. The fortification architecture was not very original and, apart from the royal castles, the largest of which was in Windsor, was limited to fortifications on the Scottish border and the southeast coast. Under the centralizing regime, feudal castles were transformed into country residences of the nobility, and by the end of the 15th century the construction of castles had ceased. To replace the gloomy castles in the manor built luxurious castles, palaces: Sutton Place, Hampton Court and others. The main part of these castles is a hall, a large entrance hall with internal staircases and galleries. With the advent of the Tudor dynasty in 1485, whose stronghold was a small nobility, church construction was significantly reduced, and later, in 1534, with the Reformation almost stopped. Residential construction became more important and new materials and technologies were used. As early as in the 13th century, the high hall merged with a two-storey house, where the lower floor was used to house the parlor and the upper floor to house the house. The upper rooms often overlooked the “long gallery”, which served for walks and observation of the surroundings. The free and comfortable composition of these dwellings, well combined with the natural environment, soon became a tradition, and then spread beyond England. The principle of two-storey living quarters also took root in English city houses. The main structure was half-timbered, which had long been used in the South and Southwest. English medieval art is not well known. Many of its monuments were destroyed in the re The result of the iconoclasm associated with the Church reforms of Henry VIII in the 16th century and the Puritans” victory in the mid-17th century. Much has been lost to time and inept restorations, and the best has not always been preserved. The art of England of XIV-XV centuries can be judged mainly by the miniature. One of the main art centers was Winchester Abbey. Already at the beginning of XII century English miniature with its energetic rhythm of curvilinear pattern, rich in colorfulness or light, lively stroke occupied the first place among European schools. In XIII-XIV centuries the English book miniature became more and more refined and refined in style, almost indistinguishable from the French one. The same time are the surviving wall paintings, close to the miniature of the time on the iconography motifs and its linear and graphic style.
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