History development
Since its establishment, the Communist Party of China has attached great importance to ethnic issues. With the growing maturity of the Chinese Communist Party and the deepening of the understanding of China's national conditions, it has gradually and proposed regional ethnic autonomy in line with China's national conditions as a basic policy to solve China's national problems. On May 1, 1941, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government promulgated the "Shan-Gan-Ning Border Region Program", which stipulates: "According to the principle of ethnic equality, the equal rights of the Mongolian and Han nationalities in the political, economic, and cultural areas shall be implemented, and the Mongolian people shall be established. The autonomous region." On October 23, 1945, the Central Committee stated in its instructions on the working principles of Inner Mongolia: "The basic policy for Inner Mongolia is to implement ethnic regional autonomy at present." On February 18, 1946, it was more clearly stated: "According to The Peaceful National Construction Program requires national equality and autonomy, but it should not propose an independent slogan. Under the guidance of this policy, on May 1, 1947, the party leaders established China’s first provincial-level Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region for future The implementation of ethnic regional autonomy in ethnic areas has pointed out the direction and accumulated valuable experience.
The "Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference" in 1949 stipulates: "In areas where ethnic minorities live together, ethnic regional autonomy is implemented, and various ethnic self-governing organs are established according to the population of ethnic groups and the size of the region." Later, the nation Regional autonomy has been incorporated into previous constitutions and has become an important political system in our country.
Basic introduction
The system of regional ethnic autonomy refers to the establishment of corresponding autonomous areas, the establishment of self-governing organs, and the exercise of autonomy under the unified leadership of the state, based on ethnic minority areas. [1]
Administrative setting
In the system of regional ethnic autonomy, the autonomous region is equivalent to a provincial administrative unit, the autonomous prefecture is a national region between the autonomous region and the autonomous county, and the autonomous county is equivalent to a county-level administrative unit.
The administrative status of ethnic autonomous areas is, in principle, determined by the size of the autonomous areas and the size of the population. The autonomous region is at the same level as the provincial level, the autonomous prefecture is at the same level as the prefecture-level city, and the autonomous county is at the same level as the county.
Autonomous organ of national autonomous areas
The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas are the people's congresses and people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, and autonomous counties.
The composition and work of the organs of self-government of national autonomous areas are governed by the autonomous regulations of the national autonomous areas or separate regulations by the Constitution and laws.
Administrative status
The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas implement the system of people's congresses.
The people's government of a national autonomous area shall be responsible for and report on the work of the people's congress at the corresponding level and the state administrative organ at the next higher level, and shall be responsible for and report on the work of the standing committee of the people's congress at the corresponding level during the period when the people's congress at the corresponding level is not in session.
The people's governments of all ethnic autonomous areas are the state administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council and are subject to the State Council.
The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas shall implement the responsibility of the chairman of the autonomous region, the governor of the autonomous prefecture, and the county magistrate, and preside over the work of the people's government at the same level.
The autonomy of the organs of self-government
National characteristics of the organs of self-government of national autonomous areas
1. The chairman of the autonomous region, the governor of the autonomous prefecture, and the county magistrate of the autonomous county shall be the citizens of the nationality exercising regional autonomy; the standing committee of the people's congress of the national autonomous area shall be the director or deputy director of the nationality of the ethnic group that exercises regional autonomy.
2. In the people's congresses of ethnic autonomous areas, in addition to the representatives of the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy, other ethnic groups living in their respective administrative regions, especially ethnic minorities, shall also have appropriate quotas of representatives and representatives of ethnic groups with less population. The quota and proportion distribution will be given due care following the law.
3. In the members of the people's government of the national autonomous areas and the government-owned working institutions, it is necessary to equip the cadres of ethnic minorities as much as possible, and the minority cadres who are qualified shall be given priority.
If the national population that implements regional ethnic autonomy accounts for 1/2 or more of the total population of the region, the composition of its cadres should be roughly equal to the proportion of the population of the nation; less than 1/2 or less should generally be higher than the proportion of the population of the nation.
The autonomy of the organs of self-government
1. National legislative power
The people's congresses of national autonomous areas have the right to formulate autonomous regulations and separate regulations under the local political, economic and cultural characteristics.
The autonomous regulations stipulate the basic issues concerning the implementation of ethnic regional autonomy in the locality; the separate regulations stipulate specific matters concerning the implementation of a certain aspect of ethnic regional autonomy.
Autonomous regulations and separate regulations may make changes to national laws and policies.
The autonomous regulations and separate regulations of the autonomous region shall come into effect after being approved by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.
The autonomous regulations and separate regulations of autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties shall be reported to the provincial or autonomous regional people's congress standing committee for approval, and shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.
2. Flexible implementation rights
If the resolutions, decisions, orders, and indicators of the higher-level state organs are not suitable for the actual situation of the national autonomous areas, the organs of self-government may report to the higher-level state organs for approval and the implementation or suspension of implementation.
3. Financial economic autonomy
The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas have a greater degree of financial and economic autonomy and can enjoy the care and preferential treatment of the state.
Any fiscal revenue that belongs to a national autonomous area per state regulations shall be independently arranged and used by the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas.
The items of fiscal revenue and fiscal expenditure of national autonomous areas shall be stipulated by the State Council following the principle of preferential treatment of ethnic autonomous areas.
In the budgetary expenditures of national autonomous areas, by state regulations, mobile funds are set up, and the proportion of reserve fees in the budget is higher than that in the general areas.
4. Cultural, language and text autonomy
The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas enjoy a certain degree of cultural autonomy.
In the execution of official duties, the organs of self-government of national autonomous areas use one or several languages spoken in the local area by the provisions of the autonomous regulations of the autonomous areas.
At the same time, the use of several common language characters to perform official duties can be based on the language of the nation that implements regional autonomy.
5. Organize the power of public security forces
The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas may, by the state's military system and local actual needs, be approved by the State Council to organize local public security forces to maintain public order.
6. Minority cadres have priority to appointment
Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy (2001 Revision)
Also: In May 1947, China established the first provincial-level ethnic autonomous region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. On the eve of the founding of New China, Beijing held a political consultation meeting with representatives of ethnic minorities to formally determine the implementation of the system of regional ethnic autonomy in China. After the liberation of the "Common Program", China has established five provincial-level autonomous regions: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Tibet Autonomous Region: Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region; Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The number of ethnic groups exercising ethnic regional autonomy has reached 44. The 1954 Constitution was called one of the basic political systems of our country by writing its system into the Constitution.
The system of regional ethnic autonomy is conducive to safeguarding national unity and security, is conducive to ensuring the realization of the rights of ethnic minorities to be the masters of the country, is conducive to the development of socialist ethnic relations of equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony, and is conducive to the vigorous development of the cause of socialist modernization. [2]
The Characteristics of China's National Regional Autonomy System
China's system of regional ethnic autonomy has two distinctive features: First, China's ethnic regional autonomy is self-government under the unified leadership of the state, and all ethnic autonomous areas are inseparable parts of China. All ethnic self-governing bodies are central government leaders. The next level of local government must obey the unified leadership of the central government. Second, China's ethnic regional autonomy is not just a simple national autonomy or local autonomy, but a combination of ethnic factors and regional factors. It is a combination of political and economic factors.
Reasons for China's implementation of the system of regional ethnic autonomy
1. China has long been a centralized and unified country in history. In the long-term historical development, the various ethnic groups in China have gradually merged into the Chinese nation.
2. For a long time, the ethnic distribution of China has been dominated by large mixed houses and small settlements. The long-term economic and cultural ties have formed a national relationship in which all ethnic groups are only suitable for cooperation and mutual assistance, and are not suitable for separation.
3. China's population, resource distribution, and economic and cultural development are not balanced. Only the implementation of the system of regional ethnic autonomy will be conducive to the development of all ethnic groups and the prosperity and prosperity of the country.
4. Since 1840, all ethnic groups in China have faced the common task and destiny of fighting against imperialism and feudalism and fighting for national liberation. In the long-term struggle of defending foreign enemies and striving for national independence and liberation, all ethnic groups in China have established close relationships with each other and formed a political identity that is inseparable from each other. This has laid a solid political and social foundation for the establishment of a unified new China and the implementation of ethnic regional autonomy in minority areas.