The philosophical fundamental question has two aspects: (a) The question of the philosophy of the world
The first aspect:
thinking and the question of existence, consciousness and material origin. Two fundamentally different answers have always been given to this question, resulting in the formation of two camps of idealism and materialism in philosophy, two fundamental factions, two opposing lines: one who believes that consciousness is the first and the material-second, that is, consciousness precedes the material philosophical sect, belongs to materialism; one who believes that the material is the first and consciousness is the second, that is, the material precedes the philosophical sect of consciousness, belongs to materialism.
Another aspect
of the fundamental question of philosophy is the question of the identity of thinking and being, which is overwhelmingly The majority of philosophers, including materialist philosophers and some fundamentalist philosophers, responded positively. Materialism consists in the recognition of the objective existence of the material world and its laws, in the recognition that thinking exists on the basis of reflection, and in the recognition that the world can be cognized by mentalism as a product of thinking and spirit. There are some philosophers, such as D.Yum and I.Kant, denying the possibility of cognition of the world, or denying the possibility of full cognition of the world, is an agnostic in philosophical history. According to the first of these aspects, ontology can be divided into two main factions: materialism and mentalism.
Materialism:
refers to the origin of the world as materialism, argues that materialism one, consciousness two, that consciousness is a product of matter, in particular, is divided into ancient simple materialism, modern metaphysical materialism and dialectical materialism. The philosophy of the genre has always emphasized sensory cognition and rational reasoning and objective evidence, which due to the limitations of the development of natural sciences remained imperfect in relation to the origin of the world and needed further development.
Mentalism:
attributes the root cause of the world to the spirit, claiming that consciousness, idea (law), etc. are the root cause and matter is the product of consciousness. Idealism is very complex, it can be divided into two categories: subjective idealism and objective idealism, subjective idealism claims that individual consciousness is the first, and objective idealism claims that the consciousness of the object is the first. Knowledge: the idea that the world can be cognized, that a person can fully cognize the world with the help of the senses and their extensions (scientific instruments), and the part that has not been recognized so far only because of the underdeveloped technologies, is inevitable for a person to fully cognize the world.
Agnosticism: the idea that the world cannot be understood or cannot be fully understood here is not yet understood, but refers to certain parts or levels of the world in which a person can never know the truth. The conceptual world is a concept that cannot be omitted from the study of agnosticism.
Dualism: the philosophical view that the source of the world is consciousness and materialism tries to reconcile materialism and mentalism.
Theory of cognition: in addition to ontology containing materialistic, mental and dualistic ideas, there is a theory of cognition divided into two opposing doctrines: empiricism and rationalism.