2.2. A Review of the Uses of Tea Waste
2.2.1. Application of Tea Waste in Agriculture
Millions of tons of agricultural waste are produced annually in the country, which can have a share in the supply of organic matter, but, unfortunately, most of it is burned, or released in the corners, and causes pollution of the environment. To show. With increasing awareness of the environmental hazards of waste, as well as the need for sanitation or recycling, and also to reduce the use of non-renewable resources such as peat, the use of composting in agriculture is recommended. Some studies have shown that organic lesions such as animal and animal manure, paper, pruning lesions, and fungus beds and any other green lesions after composting can be used to replace the peat in the bedding and have a good result . Each year, hundreds of thousands of these wastes are found in gardens and tea factories in the north of the country, and its optimal use can have an impact on the quality of agricultural crops. Tea waste stimulates growth of roots and vegetative growth, as well as increases yield and production of the product. Tea composts in optimal conditions have a diverse range of bacteria, fungi, Protozoa and nematodes. When the variety of beneficial microorganisms is high, disease control will be greater, higher food intake and plant access to nutrients will be more beneficial . Organic waste in agriculture is one of the most important ways of providing soil organic material and natural regeneration of these compounds . Composting them is usually The effect of microorganism activity in aerobic condition results in the removal of undesirable odors, increased nutrient content and the elimination of toxic effects of waste products in plants . Many industrial and agricultural waste from ligno-cellulosic material Which can be used to formulate the mushroom culture media . More than 200 kinds of agricultural waste such as straw of cereal, straw pulp, sugar cane bagasse, tea waste, soil Etc., have been used in the formulation of the mushroom seedlings and buttonholes.
2.2.2. Application of Caffeine Extracted from Waste and Tea Soil in Pharmaceutical Industry
Due to the value of tea leaf, it can not be used as a raw material because it raises the price of the finished product and the product becomes non-competitive. The production of caffeine is due to the extraction of tea waste and its main reason is the inadequacy of the value really is a tea waste. Therefore, considering 3000 tons of tea waste in 2010 and the fact that the annual production of tea in the country fluctuates, the maximum production of caffeine with this method is 60 tons per year, which is only in response to the needs of the country, and the surplus of domestic consumption There will not be planning to export. Caffeine is considered as a weak drug in the pharmaceutical industry and is commonly used in conjunction with other analgesics. Due to the fact that more powerful opiates (codeine and its derivatives) are used in this industry, they are easily replaced by these opiates. In another perspective, it can be seen that in recent years, in Europe and the United States, caffeine has been trying to reduce the consumption of quinine and its derivatives, which are somewhat addictive, and it is actually caffeine that It is proposed as an alternative to codeine and its derivatives. One of the concessions Caffeine versus Codeine is the difference in price.
2.2.3. Use of Caffeine Extracted from Tea Waste and Tea in the Food Industry
Caffeine is used in the food industry as a flavoring, and in some cases its use can be limited. Caffeine does not have a powerful replacement in the food industry, but it can provide a replacement product for caffeinated products that compete with it to reduce caffeine consumption. For example, beverages made with cocoa extract are very popular among people. All these drinks have caffeine, but can be considered as an adversary for these beverages. But as it is evident in the market research, caffeinated beverages have a special place for people and can not be easily replaced, but may reduce the amount of consumption. The United States, Germany and China are the three major caffeine producers in the world, which are produced by synthesis in the United States and Germany via caffeine synthesis and in China are synthesized and extracted in two ways. After China, India also has the highest extraction rate for caffeine. The United States and China also account for the largest share of caffeine in the world .
2.2.4. Extracting the Color of Tea Waste and Its Application in the Textile Industry
Shamsnateri and Jafari used waste tea factories as a natural dye for dyeing woolen fabrics. According to the results, dyeing of woolen fabrics with waste from tea factories is possible so that using different teeth (potassium dichromate, copper sulfate and potassium sulfate), various colors can be obtained. Brought up In this test, the abrasive and washing stability has been evaluated and acceptable results have been reported.
2.2.5. Extracting the Color of Tea Waste and Its Application in the Food Industry
The waste from tea mills can be used to extract food color. For the extraction of one liter of tea color, 40 grams of waste are used, which, with the recovery of solvent consumption (ethanol), does not cost significant extraction. Baruah et al made the extraction of food color from black and green tea. To this end, extract a certain amount of dry tea with boiling water and, after condensing, extract the extract with a spray dry powder in a reddish-brown color (for black tea) and greenish yellow (for green tea). The color obtained was used in a wide range of edible products such as cakes, biscuits, toffee, ice cream, candy and drinks. Sensory tests on water-soluble paints indicate that the extracts can be used as beverages with anti-oxidant properties.
2.2.6. Environmental Use of Tea Waste
The use of agricultural wastes as low-cost absorbents is appropriate in terms of their contribution to reducing waste costs and helping to protect the environment. In the research, the efficiency and capacity to absorb all types of agricultural wastes were collected and compared with the removal of hazardous pollutants such as heavy metals in aqueous environments. Resource surveys showed that agricultural wastes such as compost contain more than 90% potential tea extracts to remove pollutants .
3. Results and Discussion
In spite of the numerous potentialities and the considerable production of agricultural crops in the country, the abundance of waste in the agricultural sector is generated at a high cost per year, which, unfortunately, is a significant part of the non-normative and environmentally-friendly environment. Abandoned or buried. And also 45,000 tons of domestic waste are produced daily in the country as waste, while agricultural waste production is about 10 times that figure of 420,000 tons. 70 percent of the country's waste is organic and vital and can be landed, while we will turn it into dangerous waste by burial. Assuming that the level of agricultural waste in the country is 30 percent, then it seems that the high cost of waste does not only affect the agricultural sector, but also because of the 25 percent share of GDP in GDP on the country's economy and national resources. Also effective. On the other hand, due to the 25% share of the agricultural sector, non-oil exports of agricultural waste can increase the value of this sector. Despite the undeniable capabilities in the agricultural sector, the main problem is the agricultural structure, the lack of proper organization in comprehensive management, and lack of incentives for optimal utilization and sustainability of resources. Therefore, using appropriate methods of waste management and agricultural waste referred to in this paper. By reducing the production of agricultural waste and the optimal use of waste while increasing productivity, the damage to the base resources decreases and In another aspect, an important step towards achieving the goals of sustainable development and preservation of the environment is taken. And finally, reducing agricultural waste will increase their production without increasing crop cultivation, which will result in less pressure on the environment, as well as an increase in the production of positive effects on food and security Food will follow.