There are several stages in the development of the Soviet state and economy.
Military Communism (1918-1921). This is one of the most difficult periods of formation of a new, Soviet state. The end of the First World War caused irreparable damage to the entire economic economy of the country. Thousands of enterprises were destroyed and famine ravaged the whole country. Political instability, mass discontent of the population and certain social groups resulted in an armed confrontation, which went down in history as the Civil War of 1917-1922. The young republic simultaneously fought against white armies and invaders. The Civil War ended with the complete victory of the young Soviet republic, and the first actions to restore the destroyed economy began.
THE NAP (1921-1924). "The New Economic Policy" was the name given to the Bolshevik program adopted at the 10th Congress of the RCP(b). The priority tasks of the program were to restore the economy, normalize relations between the city and the village, solve the problem of money stabilization and calm down the village, which was dissatisfied with the prodrazverstkoy, which provoked farmers to strengthen the insurgency. The country was also faced with the task of restoring international relations.
As a result, the NEP had positive results. The economic development started to grow. The national income increased, and the financial situation of the citizens became more stable. The process of industrial and agricultural recovery was actively pursued. However, despite the fact that in many ways the program was successful, it began to be phased out. The growing contradiction between the economy and politics was reflected in the growing contradiction. The private sector sought to provide its political guarantees, which ran counter to the Bolshevik mainstream. This also provoked an internal party struggle. It became clear to many party leaders that a proper level of economic development, an incredible leap in science, and the development of defense and heavy industry were indispensable.
The period of industrialization and collectivization (1924-1937). In December 1925, at the 14th Party Congress, the party set a course for industrialization, which was planned to be carried out as soon as possible. The main goal was to bridge the giant gap in economic development between the USSR and Western countries.
The first five-year plan for 1928-1932 was developed. In the management of the national economy were introduced planned beginnings, at the enterprises the struggle for saving resources and finances was unfolding in order to direct the saved money to the construction of new plants and factories. The public sector was to form the basis of the new economy, and there was no room for a private citizen in it. During the first five years of its existence, it was planned to make the largest investments in the development of heavy industry. At that time, the development of the light industry and food industry was relegated to the background.
At the same time, the country is moving towards mass collectivization of agriculture. One of its reasons was to find funds to finance industrialization. It was decided to take money from the village. Collectivization was carried out by strict, often violent methods. Today, industrialization and collectivization in the USSR are called the Great Breakthrough.
The result of incredible efforts of the Soviet Union was a giant leap forward in the development of industry. From 1929 to 1940, 8.5 thousand large enterprises were built. Among them: Dneproges, Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, Stalingrad, Chelyabinsk and Kharkov Tractor Plants, Nizhny Novgorod Automobile Plant, Zaporizhstal, Azovstal, Uralmash, Krivoy Rog and Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Plants and much more. At that time, the country's electrification program (GOELRO) was mainly implemented. The cultural revolution was coming to an end.
Industrial production growth rates were three times higher than in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the century. This allowed the USSR to become not only an industrial power, but also to become a leader among industrialized countries.
to be continued...