14. marginal effect
Also sometimes referred to as marginal contribution, refers to the consumer in the successive increase of 1 unit of consumer goods, the unit effect is gradually decreasing (although the total effect is still increased).
As a popular example,when you are very hungry, someone brought you a cage bun, that you must feel the feeling of eating the first bun is the best, eat more, a single bun to bring you less satisfaction, until you eat support, that other buns have not achieved any effect.
The marginal effect is widely used, such as the economics of the demand rule is based on this, namely:the more users buy or use the number of goods, the lower the cost of goods it is willing to pay for the unit (because after the purchase of goods to bring its reduced utility).Of course, there are a few exceptions, such as a person who is drunk and happy, or philatelists who collect a set of Cultural Revolution stamps, the marginal effect of the last stamp in this set is the greatest.
For example: you are the company management, to increase the salary of employees, to increase the monthly salary of 3k 1K effect in general is more than 6K monthly salary increase of 1k, and 6K monthly salary increase of 2K, so it seems to low-income people to increase the monthly salary more favorable to the company; in addition, 1K, very excited, increased some work enthusiasm; the third salary 2k, a little excited, may increase work enthusiasm; the fourth ... ... Until the salary increase has brought no effect.If you want to avoid this situation, every time you want to achieve the same effect as the first salary increase 1K, the second salary increase may need 2K, third need 3K ... ...Or use other incentives, such as the second can arrange for their participation in career development training, the third can be carried out on their promotion in the workplace, although the cost may want to be, but because of different means, to achieve better results.It is interesting to study economics, but for many people, it is not the same with the IT industry.
15, ripple effect
It refers to the collective learning, teachers exert pressure on influential students, punish, take sarcasm, sarcasm and other damage to the personality of the practice, teachers and students will cause opposition, resistance phenomenon, some students will even deliberately trouble, a wave of unevenness, a wave of the situation.The influence of teachers is often diminished or disappeared, because these students are more attractive in the collective.This effect will have a profound and adverse effect on students ' learning, moral development, psychological quality and physical and mental health.
16, the Britian donkey effect.
The French philosopher Brittan raised a small donkey and bought a pile of hay to feed to nearby farmers every day.
On this day, the grass farmers out of the admiration of the philosopher, extra to send a bunch of grass, placed next.The donkey was standing between two piles of hay that were equal in quantity, quality and distance from it, but it was in trouble.Although it enjoys full freedom of choice, but because of the two piles of hay equal value, objectively can not distinguish between advantages and disadvantages so it left to see, right to see, always can not distinguish what a good choice.
So the poor donkey stood in his place, considering quantity, quality, colour, freshness, hesitation, and to and fro, starved to death at a loss.
In the life of each of us is often faced with a variety of choices, how to choose the success or failure of Life Very, so people want to get the best choice, often before the choice repeatedly weigh the pros and cons, repeatedly carefully weigh, even hesitant, indecision.But, in many cases, the opportunity is fleeting, and it does not leave enough time for us to think over and over again. instead, it requires us to make prompt decisions.If we hesitate, we will be empty-handed and nothing will be found.
Some call this hesitation and hesitation in the decision-making process " the Brittany donkey effect."We have no reason to say that a donkey is stupider than a wolf, and if it is stupider, sometimes people are stupider than a donkey and a wolf.The ancients said: "the use of the harm, the greatest hesitation; the three forces of the disaster, born of suspicion."”
A farmer's wife and children were also swept away by the flood, and the farmer rescued his wife from the flood, and the children were unfortunately drowned.In this regard, people are talking about, I am unable to agree.Some say that farmers first save his wife do right, because the wife can not die and come back to life, but the child can be regenerated; some say that farmers do not do right, should first save the children, because the child died can not be resurrected, but the wife can marry one more.
A reporter who listened to the story and was puzzled, asked the farmer, hoping to find a satisfactory answer.The farmer told him:“I did not think of anything, when the flood hit his wife on the side, he grabbed his wife to the edge of the upstream, waiting for the return to save the children, the children have been washed away by the flood."”
The "Britian donkey effect" is a big draw for decision-making.When we face two piles of hay of the same size, or”irrationally "choose a pile of hay, or "rationally" wait until starvation.The former requires us to have the knowledge, experience, use intuition, imagination, innovative thinking, to find as many options to choose,”limited reason "to seek" satisfactory " results.
First, adopt a robust approach to decision-making.
There is a widespread joke: there is a girl in Qi, two people at the same time to propose marriage.The son of the owner is very ugly but the family is rich, the son of the West is handsome but very poor.The girl's parents can not decide who to choose, they asked their daughter to marry whom.The girl was embarrassed to speak, and the mother said, you want to marry which side of the arm.The girl exposed both arms.When the mother asked her why, the girl said: "I want to eat in the east, west."”
Living in the West, eating at the East End, seems like a joke, but it's a sound decision-making process.In many cases, when there is a trend, there is a tendency to get caught up in what is good and what is bad. in fact, there is no need to do so, so long as there is no need for a clear choice between the two, it is not necessary to make early decisions.
Second, to develop the habit of independent thinking.It is not possible to make the right decisions without independent thinking, always following the example of others and lacking the right ideas.If you can not effectively use your ability to think independently, anytime, anywhere because of other people's views and negative plans, will make their own decisions are prone to mistakes.
Once Upon a time, two brothers saw a wild goose flying in the sky, his brother was ready to shoot it down.He said: 'it's going to be great when we get down.Then his younger brother grabbed his arm and began to argue: "the goose will cook delicious, the goose to roast delicious, you really do not understand to eat."Brother has raised the bow, heard here and put the bow down, for how to eat this goose and hesitated.At this time, an old farmer from the side by, so they asked the old farmer.After listening to the old farmer smiled and said: "you put the geese apart, Cook half baked half, you can not know what kind of taste more delicious?"”
Brother Darey, pick up the bow and arrow back to shoot the geese, the geese had disappeared without a trace, even an Yan Mao did not leave.
Third, strict implementation of a decision-making discipline.
The cat was good at catching mice, and also liked to eat chicken, and the mice in the Yue family were filled up, but there was not much left of the chicken, and his son wanted to get rid of the cat that ate the chicken, but the father said, " it is the mouse that harms our home, not the chicken, and the mouse that steals our food, bites our clothes, digs through our walls, and damages our furniture, and we will not get rid of them.No chicken big deal don't eat it, is still far away from the starving and frozen!”
Pros and cons tend to be one side of things, and it's hard to split.Some people obviously have been prepared in advance can effectively resist the risk of decision-making discipline, but once the real risks involved in their own personal interests, often it is not easy to resolve to implement.A lot of people in a favorable state will earn less because of the problem and hesitant, in a state of disadvantage, although there is a good stop-loss plan and stop-loss criteria in advance, can often because of the end to make their own prison.
Fourth, don't always try to get the most benefit.Too high goal not only does not play a role in indicating the direction, but because the goal set too high, bring some psychological pressure, shackles the decision-making level of normal play.In fact, most of the environment, if there is no good decision-making level to do support, blindly pursue the highest interests, is bound to be everywhere.
Moreover, many people do not understand the importance of stopping as soon as possible, when the situation began to deteriorate, still clutching Misty Gogo want, can not be objective analysis of the situation, with the mentality of gamblers, blindly stick that continued deep, until irreparable point.At this time the balance of mind is often more important.
A man arranged a catch Turkey trap, he in a big box inside and outside the spread of corn, the big box has a door, the door tied with a rope, he grabbed the other end of the rope to hide in one place, just wait until the turkey into the box, he pulled the rope, shut the door.Once, 12 Turkey into the box, only one slip out, he wanted to wait for the box has 12 Turkey, closed the door, but when he was waiting for the 12 Turkey, and 2 Turkey ran out, he wanted to wait for the box and then 11 Turkey, pull the rope, but when he waited, and 3 Turkey slipped out, finally, the box
Fifth, in an unfavorable environment can not move against the trend.When damage is caused by unfavorable environment, many people rush to make up for the loss.However, changes in the environment is not to the will of the people for the transfer.When the environment deteriorates, when opportunities are scarce, if forced to take risky and aggressive decisions, or frequently increase the number of operations, will only increase the probability of investment mistakes in vain.
Jack Welch, president of General Electric, sees decision-making as "the ability to make bold decisions in difficult situations,“and as" the ability to execute consistently.""Therefore, the decision has a complex nature, is a kind of joint force, we must from their own insight, analysis ability, intuition ability, innovation ability, Ability to act and willpower and other aspects of continuous training, between continuous failure and success, we can continue to get rid of indecisive, relatively rational choice, will not become the donkey of Brittany!