In the United States, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has proposed a formal five-level classification system for automatic driving (2016 version) [3]:
Level 0: No automatic. Driving is always in control of all the mechanical and physical functions of the vehicle. It is only equipped with alarm devices and other functions that are not related to active driving.
Level 1: The driv
er operates the vehicle, but individual devices can sometimes function, such as an electronic stability program (ESP) or an anti-lock brake system (ABS) to help drive safety.
Level 2: The dri
ver primarily controls the vehicle, but the system is automatically tuned to significantly reduce operational burdens, such as active cruise fixed speed (ACC) combined with automatic follow-up and lane departure warning, and automatic emergency stop system (AEB). Partial technology integration through blind spot detection and car collision avoidance systems.
Level 3: The driver needs to be ready to control the vehicle at any time. During the automatic driving assistance control, although it can be temporarily exempted from operation when following the car, when the car detects the need of the driver, it will immediately return to let the driver take over. For subsequent control, the driver must take over the situation in which the system is unable to handle it.
Level 4:
The driver can let the vehicle fully self-driving under the condition of permission. After starting the automatic driving, generally do not need to intervene control. This car can follow the set road rules (such as highway, smooth traffic flow and standardized road signs, obvious tips). Line), including the work of turning, changing lanes and accelerating, in addition to harsh weather or blurred roads, accidents, or the auto-driving section has ended, the system also provides the driver with "sufficient conversion time" The driver should monitor the operation of the vehicle, but may include the unmanned parking function under the watch. (There is a steering wheel automatic car)
Level 5: The
driver does not have to be in the car and will not control the vehicle at any time. This kind of vehicle can start the driving device by itself, and all the important safety-related functions can be carried out without designing the road conditions, including the situation when no one is in the car, without being controlled by the driving will. You can make your own decisions. (No steering wheel is required)
This is based on SAE International's publication of another classification system based on these five different levels (from driver assistance to fully automated systems). The design philosophy is the classification of "who is doing, what to do". law. [4].