In foreign psychology, the problem of identification is usually connected with the study of such diverse psychological processes and phenomena as "self-concept", "self-determination", "self-respect", etc. The concept of "identification" was first introduced by Z. Freud . He also singled out different types of this process and pointed out its contradictory manifestations. Freud considered the process of identification the earliest manifestation of emotional connection with another person, expressed in the desire to form their own "I" in the image and likeness of someone else's "I". In Freud's opinion, in the process of an individual's development, his or her own "Self" is formed under the influence of different types of identification: the likening of oneself to parents is replaced by orientation towards educators, teachers, and "ideal examples". Later on, a new round of identification with parents is observed, which contributes to the formation of a personality character. C.G. Jung understood identification as the alienation of a subject from himself in favor of an object into which he, so to speak, is disguised . In addition, Jung used this concept more broadly, referring not only to individuals, but also to spiritual movements and business enterprises, as well as psychological functions such as thinking, feeling, feeling, intuition. E. Eriksen, using the category "identification", introduced the concept of "identity" into scientific circulation. It is used by him in the narrow sense as a qualitatively new stage of individual development, which changes the identification and ends at the end of adolescence. In the broad sense of the word, identity is a process that encompasses the entire human life cycle, including eight successive stages. Describing the process of identification, Eriksen emphasized that it is unconscious in general. However, at each of the levels of mental activity an individual evaluates himself from the standpoint of those who, in his opinion, evaluate him in comparison with himself. In Erickson's opinion, identity can only be studied by describing the environment in which the individual is formed, by exploring the collaborative activities within which identity is formed at a given time. Eriksen also identified the types of identity: personal, group, ethnic, racial, and universal
According to Fromm's definition, "identity" is a person's ability and need to form "ideas about himself" in order to "realize himself as a whole" and remain "mentally healthy".
The beginning of the development of a sense of identity Fromm correlates with the release of the individual from the "primary connections" with his mother and nature. Further on, the degree of maturity of this process depends on the extent to which the person is able to overcome the "clan identity". In Fromm's view, a sense of identity is provided by "status identifiers" (nation, religion, class, profession) . The problem of identification and identity was also considered in the framework of cognitive psychology. Thus, J. Turner considered identity as a cognitive system, which acts as a regulation of behavior in the appropriate conditions, Turner singles out three levels of identical objects:
self-categorization as a human being (human identity);
group self-categorization (social identity);
personal self-categorization (personal identity).
In the process of development, a person is able to be realized through membership in one or another group, attributing himself/herself to one or another pole (social or personal). In the opinion of G. Tedjfel, human behavior is most often determined by both social and personal identity. There is a gradual process of transformation of social and group categories in the category of personal consciousness . Thus, considering identification and identity mainly in the unity of motivational, cognitive and emotional elements, foreign authors pay much more attention to the self-consciousness of the individual. The identification process itself, its mechanisms and conditions of formation in different social environments are less studied. In domestic psychology, the problem of identification is also insufficiently studied, although a number of works are devoted to its various I, I. S. Dubrovina, V. S. Mukhina, V. A. Yadov, O. S. balykina, etc.) . So, in V. S. Sobkin's works identification was connected with "acceptance of a role" ("cold entering into a position of another") when the purposes and motives of action of other subject of identification are realized by his partner as external concerning own system of the purposes and motives . R. L. Krichevsky, T. V. Dragunov, E. M. Dubovskaya considered the phenomenon of identification as following behavioral or personal characteristics of another person, as their real reproduction, either in similar behavioral acts, or in symbolic behavioral acts, or in symbolic elements of behavior . V. S. Mukhina, B. C. Abramenkova, O. B. Dolginova and others consider identification and isolation as interacting components of an integral system. At the same time identification acts as a process of socialization of the individual, and isolation-his individualization